{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2186955993","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pimrc.2015.7343659","title":"An efficient cluster-based outdoor user positioning using LTE and WLAN signal strengths","display_name":"An efficient cluster-based outdoor user positioning using LTE and WLAN signal strengths","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2186955993","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pimrc.2015.7343659","mag":"2186955993"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/pimrc.2015.7343659","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pimrc.2015.7343659","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 IEEE 26th Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:jyu-201712114591","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041742780","display_name":"Riaz Uddin Mondal","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94722563","display_name":"University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4","ror":"https://ror.org/05n3dz165","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94722563"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Riaz Uddin Mondal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematical Information Technology, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematical Information Technology, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94722563"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028124059","display_name":"Jussi Turkka","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110178","display_name":"Magister Solutions (Finland)","ror":"https://ror.org/01mdh2992","country_code":"FI","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110178"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jussi Turkka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Magister Solutions Ltd, Tampere, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Magister Solutions Ltd, Tampere, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110178"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086891852","display_name":"Tapani Ristaniemi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8461-3968"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94722563","display_name":"University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4","ror":"https://ror.org/05n3dz165","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94722563"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tapani Ristaniemi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematical Information Technology, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematical Information Technology, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94722563"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5041742780"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94722563"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.08642668,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":null,"first_page":"2182","last_page":"2186"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13121","display_name":"Radio Wave Propagation Studies","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7264240980148315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster","display_name":"Cluster (spacecraft)","score":0.6234328746795654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4652816653251648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.4270781874656677}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7264240980148315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164866538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367351","display_name":"Cluster (spacecraft)","level":2,"score":0.6234328746795654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4652816653251648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.4270781874656677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/pimrc.2015.7343659","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pimrc.2015.7343659","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 IEEE 26th Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:jyx.jyu.fi:123456789/56290","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PIMRC.2015.7343659\"","pdf_url":"http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:jyu-201712114591","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400563","display_name":"Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 University Digital Archive (University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I94722563","host_organization_name":"University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94722563"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"A4"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:jyx.jyu.fi:123456789/56290","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PIMRC.2015.7343659\"","pdf_url":"http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:jyu-201712114591","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400563","display_name":"Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 University Digital Archive (University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I94722563","host_organization_name":"University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94722563"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"A4"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2186955993.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2186955993.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1978674363","https://openalex.org/W1985167007","https://openalex.org/W2042426435","https://openalex.org/W2051224630","https://openalex.org/W2054878219","https://openalex.org/W2066162935","https://openalex.org/W2087865093","https://openalex.org/W2088131859","https://openalex.org/W2109120429","https://openalex.org/W2130556364","https://openalex.org/W2143083526","https://openalex.org/W2143243918","https://openalex.org/W2157799270","https://openalex.org/W2160691714","https://openalex.org/W2166586270","https://openalex.org/W2169030369","https://openalex.org/W6664467175"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W2350741829","https://openalex.org/W2530322880","https://openalex.org/W1596801655","https://openalex.org/W2359140296"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper":[2],"we":[3],"propose":[4],"a":[5,24,117,130],"novel":[6],"cluster-based":[7,90],"RF":[8,122,153],"fingerprinting":[9,123],"method":[10,42,75,113,143],"for":[11,63],"outdoor":[12],"user-equipment":[13],"(UE)":[14],"positioning":[15,41,79,91,146],"using":[16,67,97],"both":[17],"LTE":[18,68,132],"and":[19,133],"WLAN":[20,135],"signals.":[21],"It":[22,55],"uses":[23],"simple":[25],"cost":[26],"effective":[27],"agglomerative":[28],"hierarchical":[29],"clustering":[30,64],"with":[31,83,104,116],"Davies-Bouldin":[32],"criterion":[33],"to":[34,50,76],"select":[35],"the":[36,60,74,89,111,141,151],"optimal":[37],"cluster":[38],"number.":[39],"The":[40],"does":[43],"not":[44],"require":[45],"training":[46],"signature":[47],"formation":[48],"prior":[49],"UE":[51,78],"position":[52],"estimation":[53],"phase.":[54],"is":[56],"capable":[57],"of":[58,110,148],"reducing":[59],"search":[61],"space":[62],"operation":[65],"by":[66],"cell-ID":[69],"searching":[70],"criteria.":[71],"This":[72],"enables":[73],"estimate":[77],"in":[80],"short":[81],"time":[82],"less":[84],"computational":[85],"expense.":[86],"To":[87],"validate":[88],"real-time":[92],"field":[93],"measurements":[94],"were":[95,114],"collected":[96],"readily":[98],"available":[99],"cellular":[100],"mobile":[101],"handset":[102],"equipped":[103],"Nemo":[105],"Handy":[106],"software.":[107],"Output":[108],"results":[109,126],"proposed":[112,142],"compared":[115],"single":[118,131],"grid-cell":[119],"layout":[120],"based":[121],"method.":[124],"Simulation":[125],"show":[127],"that":[128],"if":[129],"six":[134],"signal":[136],"strengths":[137],"are":[138],"used":[139],"then":[140],"can":[144],"improve":[145],"accuracy":[147],"35%":[149],"over":[150],"grid-based":[152],"fingerprinting.":[154]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-10T16:38:18.471706","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}