{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2054335779","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pimrc.2013.6666678","title":"Analysis of load dependent energy efficiency of two-tier heterogeneous cellular networks","display_name":"Analysis of load dependent energy efficiency of two-tier heterogeneous cellular networks","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2054335779","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pimrc.2013.6666678","mag":"2054335779"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/pimrc.2013.6666678","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pimrc.2013.6666678","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2013 IEEE 24th Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075623538","display_name":"Jaya Rao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jaya Rao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada","Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Univ. of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Univ. of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011776428","display_name":"Abraham O. Fapojuwo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2577-3416"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abraham O. Fapojuwo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada","Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Univ. of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Univ. of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5075623538"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7093,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74814766,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"3095","last_page":"3099"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11409","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Network Optimization","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10796","display_name":"Cooperative Communication and Network Coding","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.8101586103439331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7329515218734741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.6691678762435913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.6428347826004028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.5021224021911621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cellular-network","display_name":"Cellular network","score":0.494608610868454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.48413142561912537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-control","display_name":"Power control","score":0.46139997243881226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heterogeneous-network","display_name":"Heterogeneous network","score":0.45463672280311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/macro","display_name":"Macro","score":0.4480757713317871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.44779184460639954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.4243476986885071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.4240621328353882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/load-balancing","display_name":"Load balancing (electrical power)","score":0.42138952016830444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.3342445194721222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-network","display_name":"Wireless network","score":0.21616515517234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.17163777351379395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13128596544265747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08906534314155579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.08838355541229248}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.8101586103439331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7329515218734741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.6691678762435913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.6428347826004028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.5021224021911621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.494608610868454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.48413142561912537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56685638","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2300474","display_name":"Power control","level":3,"score":0.46139997243881226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158207573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5747224","display_name":"Heterogeneous network","level":4,"score":0.45463672280311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166955791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629579","display_name":"Macro","level":2,"score":0.4480757713317871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.44779184460639954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4243476986885071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4240621328353882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138959212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1806783","display_name":"Load balancing (electrical power)","level":3,"score":0.42138952016830444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3342445194721222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.21616515517234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.17163777351379395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13128596544265747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08906534314155579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.08838355541229248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/pimrc.2013.6666678","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pimrc.2013.6666678","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2013 IEEE 24th Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8999999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W631335369","https://openalex.org/W1943205692","https://openalex.org/W1995248971","https://openalex.org/W2026377569","https://openalex.org/W2050201442","https://openalex.org/W2106599379","https://openalex.org/W2112170521","https://openalex.org/W2115392882","https://openalex.org/W2116770996","https://openalex.org/W2136530738","https://openalex.org/W2140448150","https://openalex.org/W2145282441","https://openalex.org/W2150166076","https://openalex.org/W2163553782","https://openalex.org/W2296319761","https://openalex.org/W2801179766","https://openalex.org/W4300223101","https://openalex.org/W6640900261"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W790449367","https://openalex.org/W2962922943","https://openalex.org/W2613807087","https://openalex.org/W2395708164","https://openalex.org/W2921549278","https://openalex.org/W3046102531","https://openalex.org/W1482197907","https://openalex.org/W2038093983","https://openalex.org/W2115199292","https://openalex.org/W4302568799"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,125],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"a":[3,14,36,49,87],"tractable":[4],"analytical":[5],"framework":[6],"for":[7,136],"investigating":[8],"the":[9,41,55,60,79,82,90,94,98,101,109,120,132,146,152],"energy":[10],"efficiency":[11],"(EE)":[12],"of":[13,20,38,89],"2-tier":[15,112],"heterogeneous":[16],"cellular":[17],"network":[18,80,122,153],"consisting":[19],"macro":[21],"and":[22,59,116],"picocell":[23],"base":[24],"stations":[25],"(BS)":[26],"is":[27,84,114,141],"developed.":[28],"The":[29],"BSs,":[30],"which":[31],"are":[32,67],"randomly":[33],"distributed,":[34],"serve":[35],"number":[37],"users":[39],"in":[40,64],"downlink":[42,51],"under":[43],"shared":[44],"spectrum":[45],"operation.":[46],"By":[47],"incorporating":[48],"tunable":[50],"power":[52],"control":[53],"mechanism,":[54],"successful":[56],"transmission":[57],"probability":[58],"average":[61],"throughput":[62,110],"achievable":[63],"both":[65],"tiers":[66],"analytically":[68],"derived.":[69],"Since":[70],"varying":[71],"load":[72,91,99,138],"conditions":[73],"has":[74],"an":[75],"important":[76],"implication":[77],"on":[78],"performance,":[81],"EE":[83,113,147],"investigated":[85],"as":[86],"function":[88],"level,":[92],"considering":[93],"ability":[95],"to":[96,118,127,143],"transfer":[97],"between":[100],"2":[102],"tiers.":[103],"An":[104],"optimization":[105],"problem":[106],"that":[107],"maximizes":[108],"constrained":[111],"formulated":[115],"solved":[117],"determine":[119],"optimal":[121],"operational":[123],"parameters.":[124],"addition":[126],"providing":[128],"valuable":[129],"design":[130],"insights,":[131],"findings":[133],"reveal":[134],"that,":[135],"different":[137],"conditions,":[139],"it":[140],"feasible":[142],"significantly":[144],"enhance":[145],"performance":[148],"by":[149],"optimally":[150],"adapting":[151],"configuration.":[154]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}