{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2101626006","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pimrc.2009.5449796","title":"Frequency Diversity measurements at 2.4 GHz for Wireless Sensor Networks deployed in tunnels","display_name":"Frequency Diversity measurements at 2.4 GHz for Wireless Sensor Networks deployed in tunnels","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2101626006","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pimrc.2009.5449796","mag":"2101626006"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/pimrc.2009.5449796","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pimrc.2009.5449796","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2009 IEEE 20th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015922774","display_name":"Ruoshui Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9521-0286"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ruoshui Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK","Computer Laboratory, Cambridge University Cambridge UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Laboratory, Cambridge University Cambridge UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102891969","display_name":"Yan Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3650-2734"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK","Computer Laboratory, Cambridge University Cambridge UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Laboratory, Cambridge University Cambridge UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079659442","display_name":"Ian Wassell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7927-5565"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ian Wassell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK","Computer Laboratory, Cambridge University Cambridge UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Laboratory, Cambridge University Cambridge UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044522991","display_name":"Kenichi Soga","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5418-7892"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kenichi Soga","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK","Dept. of Eng., Cambridge Univ., Cambridge, , UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Eng., Cambridge Univ., Cambridge, , UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5015922774"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5229,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83921636,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":null,"first_page":"2990","last_page":"2994"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.7308483123779297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.6260520219802856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-band","display_name":"Frequency band","score":0.611661970615387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ism-band","display_name":"ISM band","score":0.5793529748916626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finite-difference-time-domain-method","display_name":"Finite-difference time-domain method","score":0.5689343810081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5345697999000549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.4814133644104004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.4801028072834015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-propagation","display_name":"Radio propagation","score":0.4771444499492645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-frequency","display_name":"Radio frequency","score":0.4747367799282074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diversity-combining","display_name":"Diversity combining","score":0.46116939187049866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/delay-spread","display_name":"Delay spread","score":0.4389820098876953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.29284921288490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2905747592449188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.28538694977760315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fading","display_name":"Fading","score":0.256950318813324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1293427050113678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.09054023027420044}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.7308483123779297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.6260520219802856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778116611","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25110567","display_name":"Frequency band","level":3,"score":0.611661970615387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780652538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q304545","display_name":"ISM band","level":3,"score":0.5793529748916626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184880428","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1417308","display_name":"Finite-difference time-domain method","level":2,"score":0.5689343810081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5345697999000549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.4814133644104004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4801028072834015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202311505","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1474701","display_name":"Radio propagation","level":2,"score":0.4771444499492645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.4747367799282074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136817519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q947493","display_name":"Diversity combining","level":4,"score":0.46116939187049866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49456836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q666814","display_name":"Delay spread","level":4,"score":0.4389820098876953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.29284921288490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2905747592449188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.28538694977760315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81978471","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1196572","display_name":"Fading","level":3,"score":0.256950318813324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1293427050113678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.09054023027420044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/pimrc.2009.5449796","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pimrc.2009.5449796","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2009 IEEE 20th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:generic.eprints.org:158564","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://publications.eng.cam.ac.uk/158564/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922847","display_name":"Cambridge University Engineering Department Publications Database","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference or Workshop Item"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7525100100","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/D076870/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1596939795","https://openalex.org/W2069888113","https://openalex.org/W2096337734","https://openalex.org/W2124320515","https://openalex.org/W2125572812","https://openalex.org/W2145417574","https://openalex.org/W2169871424","https://openalex.org/W2172049492","https://openalex.org/W2497014129","https://openalex.org/W2610335499","https://openalex.org/W4212888567","https://openalex.org/W4237118099","https://openalex.org/W6723609898","https://openalex.org/W6865469823"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2522428518","https://openalex.org/W2327032354","https://openalex.org/W2734834229","https://openalex.org/W2994786795","https://openalex.org/W2349608235","https://openalex.org/W1857160375","https://openalex.org/W2140013086","https://openalex.org/W2153996712","https://openalex.org/W2886458280","https://openalex.org/W3132724253"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Wireless":[0],"Sensor":[1],"Networks":[2],"(WSNs)":[3],"which":[4],"utilise":[5],"IEEE":[6],"802.15.4":[7,92],"technology":[8],"operate":[9],"primarily":[10],"in":[11,24,75,96,115,161,165],"the":[12,20,40,46,50,54,69,97,111,127,138,146,180],"2.4":[13,155],"GHz":[14,156],"globally":[15],"compatible":[16],"ISM":[17],"band.":[18],"However,":[19],"wireless":[21,51],"propagation":[22,85,183],"channel":[23],"this":[25,64,67,106,116],"crowded":[26],"band":[27],"is":[28,108],"notoriously":[29],"variable":[30],"and":[31,33,43,89],"unpredictable,":[32],"it":[34],"has":[35,60],"a":[36,76,131,162,166,176,185],"significant":[37],"impact":[38],"on":[39,130],"coverage":[41],"range":[42],"quality":[44],"of":[45,56,72,105,113,126,133,145,179],"radio":[47,182],"links":[48],"between":[49],"nodes.":[52],"Therefore,":[53],"use":[55],"Frequency":[57],"Diversity":[58],"(FD)":[59],"potential":[61],"to":[62,109],"ameliorate":[63],"situation.":[65],"In":[66],"paper,":[68],"possible":[70],"benefits":[71],"using":[73,87,184],"FD":[74,114,153],"tunnel":[77,181],"environment":[78],"have":[79],"been":[80],"quantified":[81],"by":[82,174],"performing":[83],"accurate":[84],"measurements":[86],"modified":[88],"calibrated":[90],"off-the-shelf":[91],"based":[93],"sensor":[94],"motes":[95],"disused":[98],"Aldwych":[99],"underground":[100],"railway":[101],"tunnel.":[102,167],"The":[103,141],"objective":[104],"investigation":[107],"characterise":[110],"performance":[112,160],"confined":[117],"environment.":[118],"Cross":[119],"correlation":[120,148],"coefficients":[121,149],"are":[122],"calculated":[123],"from":[124],"samples":[125],"received":[128],"power":[129],"number":[132],"frequency":[134],"channels":[135],"gathered":[136],"during":[137],"field":[139],"measurements.":[140],"low":[142],"measured":[143],"values":[144],"cross":[147],"indicate":[150],"that":[151],"applying":[152],"at":[154],"will":[157],"improve":[158],"link":[159],"WSN":[163],"deployed":[164],"This":[168],"finding":[169],"closely":[170],"matches":[171],"results":[172],"obtained":[173],"running":[175],"computational":[177],"simulation":[178],"2D":[186],"Finite-Difference":[187],"Time-Domain":[188],"(FDTD)":[189],"method.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
