{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3184824459","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pcs50896.2021.9477480","title":"A differentiable estimator of VMAF for Video","display_name":"A differentiable estimator of VMAF for Video","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3184824459","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pcs50896.2021.9477480","mag":"3184824459"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/pcs50896.2021.9477480","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pcs50896.2021.9477480","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 Picture Coding Symposium (PCS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038678615","display_name":"Darren Ramsook","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8691-9402"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205274468","display_name":"Trinity College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/02tyrky19","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205274468"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Darren Ramsook","raw_affiliation_strings":["SigMedia Group, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SigMedia Group, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205274468"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073540444","display_name":"Anil Kokaram","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5304-6238"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205274468","display_name":"Trinity College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/02tyrky19","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205274468"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anil Kokaram","raw_affiliation_strings":["SigMedia Group, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SigMedia Group, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205274468"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106498523","display_name":"Noel E. O\u2019Connor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4033-9135"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42934936","display_name":"Dublin City University","ror":"https://ror.org/04a1a1e81","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I42934936"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Noel O'Connor","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42934936"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090695020","display_name":"Neil Birkbeck","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neil Birkbeck","raw_affiliation_strings":["YouTube/Google, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"YouTube/Google, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102413804","display_name":"Yeping Su","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yeping Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["YouTube/Google, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"YouTube/Google, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060507975","display_name":"Balu Adsumilli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5187-6331"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Balu Adsumilli","raw_affiliation_strings":["YouTube/Google, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"YouTube/Google, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5038678615"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205274468"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2882,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.55011438,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11165","display_name":"Image and Video Quality Assessment","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11165","display_name":"Image and Video Quality Assessment","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11105","display_name":"Advanced Image Processing Techniques","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11019","display_name":"Image Enhancement Techniques","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differentiable-function","display_name":"Differentiable function","score":0.8623747229576111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.6539314985275269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6460341811180115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimator","display_name":"Estimator","score":0.6091414093971252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-compression","display_name":"Data compression","score":0.5344865322113037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.49476855993270874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.48427385091781616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/video-quality","display_name":"Video quality","score":0.45862478017807007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.4507279098033905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4393092095851898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.4368566572666168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.26491791009902954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.1223796010017395}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202615002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q783507","display_name":"Differentiable function","level":2,"score":0.8623747229576111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.6539314985275269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6460341811180115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.6091414093971252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78548338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2493","display_name":"Data compression","level":2,"score":0.5344865322113037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.49476855993270874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.48427385091781616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103910844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2631256","display_name":"Video quality","level":3,"score":0.45862478017807007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4507279098033905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4393092095851898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.4368566572666168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.26491791009902954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.1223796010017395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/pcs50896.2021.9477480","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pcs50896.2021.9477480","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 Picture Coding Symposium (PCS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.5799999833106995,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1968482005","https://openalex.org/W1973175507","https://openalex.org/W2017336566","https://openalex.org/W2161119641","https://openalex.org/W2770915485","https://openalex.org/W2783879794","https://openalex.org/W2888880110","https://openalex.org/W2939995367","https://openalex.org/W2962785568","https://openalex.org/W2964121744","https://openalex.org/W2970478035","https://openalex.org/W2980441643","https://openalex.org/W2982565627","https://openalex.org/W3010221856","https://openalex.org/W3015337948","https://openalex.org/W3039750716","https://openalex.org/W3100456687","https://openalex.org/W6637373629"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4285277090","https://openalex.org/W4327738859","https://openalex.org/W2348722996","https://openalex.org/W2334570605","https://openalex.org/W2170297402","https://openalex.org/W2276021436","https://openalex.org/W3199673414","https://openalex.org/W2118568109","https://openalex.org/W2057320948","https://openalex.org/W2104411120"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Modern":[0],"Perceptual":[1],"Visual":[2],"Quality":[3],"Metrics":[4],"(PVQMs)":[5],"for":[6],"video":[7,56,99,104],"are":[8,33],"generally":[9],"complex":[10],"and":[11,24,106],"non-differentiable.":[12],"This":[13,92],"makes":[14],"them":[15],"difficult":[16],"to":[17],"use":[18],"as":[19,30,97],"loss":[20,66,101],"functions":[21],"in":[22,89,103],"restoration":[23],"compression":[25,107],"tuning.":[26],"Traditional":[27],"metrics":[28],"such":[29],"PSNR/MSE":[31],"which":[32,51],"differentiable":[34,65],"remain":[35],"important":[36],"but":[37],"do":[38],"not":[39],"capture":[40],"perceptual":[41,55,75],"visual":[42],"criteria.":[43],"In":[44,59],"this":[45],"paper":[46],"we":[47,62],"present":[48],"a":[49,53,64,74,86,98],"DNN":[50],"models":[52],"popular":[54],"metric":[57],"VMAF.":[58,91],"so":[60],"doing,":[61],"introduce":[63],"function":[67,102],"that":[68],"closely":[69],"matches":[70],"the":[71],"behaviour":[72],"of":[73],"metric.":[76],"Employing":[77],"degradation":[78],"generated":[79],"with":[80],"H.265":[81],"compression,":[82],"our":[83],"model":[84],"achieves":[85],"4.41%":[87],"RMSE":[88],"predicting":[90],"can":[93],"now":[94],"be":[95],"deployed":[96],"based":[100],"enhancement":[105],"tasks.":[108]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
