{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3158650391","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pcs50896.2021.9477470","title":"On the Computation of PSNR for a Set of Images or Video","display_name":"On the Computation of PSNR for a Set of Images or Video","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3158650391","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pcs50896.2021.9477470","mag":"3158650391"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/pcs50896.2021.9477470","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pcs50896.2021.9477470","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 Picture Coding Symposium (PCS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2104.14868","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032869434","display_name":"Onur Kele\u015f","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1185-1447"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1351752","display_name":"Ko\u00e7 University","ror":"https://ror.org/00jzwgz36","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1351752"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Onur Keles","raw_affiliation_strings":["Koç University,Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering,İstanbul,Turkey,34450","Ko\u00e7 University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Koç University,Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering,İstanbul,Turkey,34450","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1351752"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ko\u00e7 University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1351752"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103009416","display_name":"M. Ak\u0131n Y\u0131lmaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1551-7980"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1351752","display_name":"Ko\u00e7 University","ror":"https://ror.org/00jzwgz36","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1351752"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Akin Yilmaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Koç University,Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering,İstanbul,Turkey,34450","Ko\u00e7 University,Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering,\u0130stanbul,Turkey,34450"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Koç University,Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering,İstanbul,Turkey,34450","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1351752"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ko\u00e7 University,Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering,\u0130stanbul,Turkey,34450","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1351752"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034648478","display_name":"A. Murat Tekalp","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1465-8121"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1351752","display_name":"Ko\u00e7 University","ror":"https://ror.org/00jzwgz36","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1351752"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Murat Tekalp","raw_affiliation_strings":["Koç University,Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering,İstanbul,Turkey,34450","Ko\u00e7 University,Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering,\u0130stanbul,Turkey,34450"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Koç University,Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering,İstanbul,Turkey,34450","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1351752"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ko\u00e7 University,Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering,\u0130stanbul,Turkey,34450","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1351752"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011173154","display_name":"Cansu Korkmaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3362-1703"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1351752","display_name":"Ko\u00e7 University","ror":"https://ror.org/00jzwgz36","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1351752"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cansu Korkmaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Koç University,Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering,İstanbul,Turkey,34450","Ko\u00e7 University,Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering,\u0130stanbul,Turkey,34450"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Koç University,Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering,İstanbul,Turkey,34450","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1351752"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ko\u00e7 University,Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering,\u0130stanbul,Turkey,34450","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1351752"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077107407","display_name":"Zafer Do\u011fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5078-4590"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1351752","display_name":"Ko\u00e7 University","ror":"https://ror.org/00jzwgz36","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1351752"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zafer Dogan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Koç University,Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering,İstanbul,Turkey,34450","Ko\u00e7 University,Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering,\u0130stanbul,Turkey,34450"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Koç University,Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering,İstanbul,Turkey,34450","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1351752"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ko\u00e7 University,Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering,\u0130stanbul,Turkey,34450","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1351752"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032869434"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1351752"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7747,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73109176,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11105","display_name":"Advanced Image Processing Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11105","display_name":"Advanced Image Processing Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10688","display_name":"Image and Signal Denoising Methods","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10741","display_name":"Video Coding and Compression Technologies","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.7085951566696167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/peak-signal-to-noise-ratio","display_name":"Peak signal-to-noise ratio","score":0.700895369052887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame","display_name":"Frame (networking)","score":0.5238611698150635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4977855682373047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.49726417660713196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.4849238693714142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4739775061607361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometric-mean","display_name":"Geometric mean","score":0.4420841336250305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rgb-color-model","display_name":"RGB color model","score":0.4262782335281372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3571067452430725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.34888774156570435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.22462251782417297}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.7085951566696167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154579607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3373850","display_name":"Peak signal-to-noise ratio","level":3,"score":0.700895369052887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126042441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888","display_name":"Frame (networking)","level":2,"score":0.5238611698150635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4977855682373047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.49726417660713196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4849238693714142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4739775061607361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40222840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185049","display_name":"Geometric mean","level":2,"score":0.4420841336250305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82990744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166194","display_name":"RGB color model","level":2,"score":0.4262782335281372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3571067452430725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.34888774156570435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.22462251782417297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/pcs50896.2021.9477470","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pcs50896.2021.9477470","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 Picture Coding Symposium (PCS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2104.14868","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2104.14868","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2104.14868","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:3158650391","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2104.14868.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2104.14868","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2104.14868","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2104.14868","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2104.14868","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2104.14868","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.5400000214576721}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2007342619","https://openalex.org/W2140199336","https://openalex.org/W2146395539","https://openalex.org/W2741137940","https://openalex.org/W2785562966","https://openalex.org/W2798664922","https://openalex.org/W2892278106","https://openalex.org/W2902241747","https://openalex.org/W2938868737","https://openalex.org/W2963312584","https://openalex.org/W2963372104","https://openalex.org/W2965669158","https://openalex.org/W2969260367","https://openalex.org/W2970008269","https://openalex.org/W2987150909","https://openalex.org/W3010644855","https://openalex.org/W3015219050","https://openalex.org/W3031546776","https://openalex.org/W3034469748","https://openalex.org/W3034504121","https://openalex.org/W3034802763","https://openalex.org/W3035195755","https://openalex.org/W3092290620","https://openalex.org/W3099686304","https://openalex.org/W3107811908","https://openalex.org/W3118916909","https://openalex.org/W3127476505","https://openalex.org/W6754634825","https://openalex.org/W6772405828","https://openalex.org/W6781053067","https://openalex.org/W6788108255"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3004534041","https://openalex.org/W1985857927","https://openalex.org/W2393475888","https://openalex.org/W2830065822","https://openalex.org/W2964219139","https://openalex.org/W2627045490","https://openalex.org/W2095770340","https://openalex.org/W2405089911","https://openalex.org/W2799428471","https://openalex.org/W2175326011","https://openalex.org/W2389915168","https://openalex.org/W2380794773","https://openalex.org/W2471366717","https://openalex.org/W2755632450","https://openalex.org/W2548912181","https://openalex.org/W2170587338","https://openalex.org/W2582091257","https://openalex.org/W2547317399","https://openalex.org/W196939461","https://openalex.org/W1931641413"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"When":[0],"comparing":[1],"learned":[2],"image/video":[3],"restoration":[4,161],"and":[5,108,112,146,169],"compression":[6,173],"methods,":[7],"it":[8],"is":[9,47,150,166,179],"common":[10],"to":[11,14,29,49,99,189,198],"report":[12,40],"peak-signal":[13],"noise":[15],"ratio":[16],"(PSNR)":[17],"results.":[18],"However,":[19],"there":[20],"does":[21],"not":[22],"exist":[23],"a":[24,51,66],"generally":[25],"agreed":[26],"upon":[27],"practice":[28],"compute":[30,65,81,89,194],"PSNR":[31,53,68,101,124,196],"for":[32,76,91,102],"sets":[33,103,109],"of":[34,42,58,73,84,104,110,131,137,142],"images":[35,143],"or":[36,144],"video.":[37,78],"Some":[38],"authors":[39],"average":[41],"individual":[43,59],"image/frame":[44,60],"PSNR,":[45],"which":[46],"equivalent":[48],"computing":[50,100,122],"single":[52,67,106],"from":[54,69],"the":[55,70,82,113,119,123,135,140,164,176,187],"geometric":[56,129],"mean":[57,72,130],"mean-square":[61],"error":[62],"(MSE).":[63],"Others":[64],"arithmetic":[71,127],"frame":[74],"MSEs":[75],"each":[77],"Furthermore,":[79],"some":[80],"MSE/PSNR":[83,90],"Y-channel":[85],"only,":[86],"while":[87],"others":[88],"RGB":[92],"channels.":[93],"This":[94],"paper":[95,184],"investigates":[96],"different":[97],"approaches":[98],"images,":[105],"video,":[107,145],"video":[111],"relation":[114],"between":[115,121],"them.":[116],"We":[117,181],"show":[118],"difference":[120],"based":[125],"on":[126,134],"vs.":[128],"MSE":[132,138,165,177],"depends":[133],"distribution":[136,149,178],"over":[139],"set":[141],"that":[147],"this":[148,183],"task-dependent.":[151],"In":[152],"particular,":[153],"these":[154],"two":[155],"methods":[156],"yield":[157],"larger":[158],"differences":[159,171],"in":[160,172],"problems,":[162,174],"where":[163,175],"exponentially":[167],"distributed":[168],"smaller":[170],"narrower.":[180],"hope":[182],"will":[185],"motivate":[186],"community":[188],"clearly":[190],"describe":[191],"how":[192],"they":[193],"reported":[195],"values":[197],"enable":[199],"consistent":[200],"comparison.":[201]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-10T16:38:18.471706","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}