{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3137932550","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pcs50896.2021.9477469","title":"VMAF-based Bitrate Ladder Estimation for Adaptive Streaming","display_name":"VMAF-based Bitrate Ladder Estimation for Adaptive Streaming","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3137932550","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pcs50896.2021.9477469","mag":"3137932550"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/pcs50896.2021.9477469","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pcs50896.2021.9477469","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 Picture Coding Symposium (PCS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2103.07564","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053336934","display_name":"Angeliki Katsenou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0081-4488"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","display_name":"University of Bristol","ror":"https://ror.org/0524sp257","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Angeliki V. Katsenou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Visual Information Lab, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Visual Information Lab, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100403389","display_name":"Fan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6623-9936"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","display_name":"University of Bristol","ror":"https://ror.org/0524sp257","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Visual Information Lab, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Visual Information Lab, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005590626","display_name":"Kyle Swanson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7385-7844"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I869089601","display_name":"Netflix (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/0197qw696","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I869089601"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kyle Swanson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Netflix, Inc, Los Gatos, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Netflix, Inc, Los Gatos, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I869089601"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081332009","display_name":"Mariana Afonso","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5284-7287"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I869089601","display_name":"Netflix (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/0197qw696","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I869089601"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mariana Afonso","raw_affiliation_strings":["Netflix, Inc, Los Gatos, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Netflix, Inc, Los Gatos, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I869089601"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027145283","display_name":"Joel Sol\u00e9","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I869089601","display_name":"Netflix (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/0197qw696","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I869089601"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joel Sole","raw_affiliation_strings":["Netflix, Inc, Los Gatos, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Netflix, Inc, Los Gatos, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I869089601"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048009053","display_name":"David Bull","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7634-190X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","display_name":"University of Bristol","ror":"https://ror.org/0524sp257","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David R. Bull","raw_affiliation_strings":["Visual Information Lab, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Visual Information Lab, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11165","display_name":"Image and Video Quality Assessment","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11165","display_name":"Image and Video Quality Assessment","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10741","display_name":"Video Coding and Compression Technologies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10901","display_name":"Advanced Data Compression Techniques","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantization","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","score":0.71422278881073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.676189661026001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constant-bitrate","display_name":"Constant bitrate","score":0.6432135105133057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpolation","display_name":"Interpolation (computer graphics)","score":0.5927057266235352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uncompressed-video","display_name":"Uncompressed video","score":0.533513069152832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.49677592515945435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.448064923286438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/content","display_name":"Content (measure theory)","score":0.44421109557151794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/video-quality","display_name":"Video quality","score":0.4265917241573334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reference-software","display_name":"Reference software","score":0.4254711866378784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4059099853038788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3970590829849243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.34902423620224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bit-rate","display_name":"Bit rate","score":0.3424173593521118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3318442106246948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variable-bitrate","display_name":"Variable bitrate","score":0.23455935716629028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/video-processing","display_name":"Video processing","score":0.18812930583953857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1852651834487915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.14366278052330017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.09754467010498047}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28855332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q198099","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.71422278881073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.676189661026001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34339180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1325924","display_name":"Constant bitrate","level":4,"score":0.6432135105133057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137800194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11713455","display_name":"Interpolation (computer graphics)","level":3,"score":0.5927057266235352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162478608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4011369","display_name":"Uncompressed video","level":4,"score":0.533513069152832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.49677592515945435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.448064923286438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778152352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165061","display_name":"Content (measure theory)","level":2,"score":0.44421109557151794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103910844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2631256","display_name":"Video quality","level":3,"score":0.4265917241573334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776493296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7307150","display_name":"Reference software","level":3,"score":0.4254711866378784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4059099853038788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3970590829849243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.34902423620224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987812609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194158","display_name":"Bit rate","level":2,"score":0.3424173593521118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3318442106246948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57667952","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1154443","display_name":"Variable bitrate","level":3,"score":0.23455935716629028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65483669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3536669","display_name":"Video processing","level":2,"score":0.18812930583953857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1852651834487915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.14366278052330017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.09754467010498047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202474056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1931635","display_name":"Video tracking","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/pcs50896.2021.9477469","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pcs50896.2021.9477469","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 Picture Coding Symposium (PCS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2103.07564","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2103.07564","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2103.07564","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research-information.bris.ac.uk:publications/1c262e46-daa7-43b9-a232-f7fb2c3fb2de","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1983/1c262e46-daa7-43b9-a232-f7fb2c3fb2de","pdf_url":"https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/publications/1c262e46-daa7-43b9-a232-f7fb2c3fb2de","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400895","display_name":"Bristol Research (University of Bristol)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","host_organization_name":"University of Bristol","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""},{"id":"pmh:oai:research-information.bris.ac.uk:openaire/1c262e46-daa7-43b9-a232-f7fb2c3fb2de","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/publications/1c262e46-daa7-43b9-a232-f7fb2c3fb2de","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400895","display_name":"Bristol Research (University of Bristol)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","host_organization_name":"University of Bristol","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Katsenou, A V, Zhang, F, Swanson, K, Afonso, M, Sole, J & Bull, D R 2021, VMAF-based Bitrate Ladder Estimation for Adaptive Streaming. in 2021 Picture Coding Symposium, PCS 2021 - Proceedings., 9477469, Picture Coding Symposium (PCS), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). https://doi.org/10.1109/PCS50896.2021.9477469","raw_type":"contributionToPeriodical"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2103.07564","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2103.07564","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2103.07564","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2445053314","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/M000885/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8488992239","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017-413","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319993","funder_display_name":"Leverhulme Trust"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319993","display_name":"Leverhulme Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/012mzw131"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W429766147","https://openalex.org/W1502922572","https://openalex.org/W2035677848","https://openalex.org/W2044465660","https://openalex.org/W2077544013","https://openalex.org/W2096045964","https://openalex.org/W2097749765","https://openalex.org/W2101700394","https://openalex.org/W2127034683","https://openalex.org/W2146395539","https://openalex.org/W2517598826","https://openalex.org/W2611570703","https://openalex.org/W2761662117","https://openalex.org/W2809370577","https://openalex.org/W2889769788","https://openalex.org/W2891456054","https://openalex.org/W2967305923","https://openalex.org/W2989759504","https://openalex.org/W2994968064","https://openalex.org/W3034529651","https://openalex.org/W3171572822","https://openalex.org/W4211049957","https://openalex.org/W6675207249","https://openalex.org/W6754430310","https://openalex.org/W6766457619"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2074441058","https://openalex.org/W3147815861","https://openalex.org/W2329521847","https://openalex.org/W2157454221","https://openalex.org/W2981480840","https://openalex.org/W2816634940","https://openalex.org/W4284994286","https://openalex.org/W4213210812","https://openalex.org/W3099083630","https://openalex.org/W2809714054"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"HTTP":[1],"Adaptive":[2],"Streaming,":[3],"video":[4],"content":[5],"is":[6,28],"conventionally":[7],"encoded":[8],"by":[9],"adapting":[10],"its":[11],"spatial":[12],"resolution":[13],"and":[14,24],"quantization":[15],"level":[16],"to":[17,87,93,104,127,145],"best":[18],"match":[19],"the":[20,32,45,51,64,73,84,95,99,113,123,128,138,148,161],"prevailing":[21],"network":[22],"state":[23],"display":[25],"characteristics.":[26],"It":[27,82],"well":[29],"known":[30],"that":[31],"traditional":[33],"solution,":[34],"of":[35,48,98,108,120,130,147,163],"using":[36,134],"a":[37,59,79,89,106,118,131,156,168],"fixed":[38],"bitrate":[39,65],"ladder,":[40,66],"does":[41],"not":[42],"result":[43],"in":[44,54,102,160],"highest":[46],"quality":[47,115],"experience":[49],"for":[50,62],"user.":[52],"Hence,":[53],"this":[55],"paper,":[56],"we":[57],"introduce":[58],"content-driven":[60,80],"approach":[61],"estimating":[63],"based":[67],"on":[68],"spatio-temporal":[69],"features":[70,86],"extracted":[71,85],"from":[72,155],"uncompressed":[74],"content.":[75],"The":[76,151],"method":[77,153],"implements":[78],"interpolation.":[81],"uses":[83],"train":[88],"machine":[90],"learning":[91],"model":[92],"infer":[94],"curvature":[96],"points":[97,142],"Rate-VMAF":[100,141],"curves":[101],"order":[103],"guide":[105],"set":[107],"initial":[109],"encodings.":[110],"We":[111],"employ":[112],"VMAF":[114],"metric":[116],"as":[117],"means":[119],"perceptually":[121],"conditioning":[122],"estimation.":[124],"When":[125],"compared":[126],"generation":[129],"reference":[132,149],"ladder":[133],"exhaustive":[135],"encoding,":[136],"76.63%":[137],"estimated":[139],"ladder's":[140],"are":[143],"identical":[144],"those":[146],"ladder.":[150],"proposed":[152],"benefits":[154],"significant":[157],"(77.4%)":[158],"reduction":[159],"number":[162],"encodes":[164],"required":[165],"with":[166],"only":[167],"small":[169],"(1.04%)":[170],"average":[171],"Bj\u2298ntegaard":[172],"Delta":[173],"Rate":[174],"increase.":[175]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2021-08-02T00:00:00"}
