{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2156192961","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pcs.2010.5702441","title":"A study on memorability and shoulder-surfing robustness of graphical password using DWT-based image blending","display_name":"A study on memorability and shoulder-surfing robustness of graphical password using DWT-based image blending","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2156192961","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pcs.2010.5702441","mag":"2156192961"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/pcs.2010.5702441","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pcs.2010.5702441","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"28th Picture Coding Symposium","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111630770","display_name":"Miyachi Takao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I207399273","display_name":"Utsunomiya University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bx1gz93","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I207399273"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Takao Miyachi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Engineering, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Engineering, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207399273"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051781184","display_name":"Keita Takahashi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9429-5273"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I207399273","display_name":"Utsunomiya University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bx1gz93","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I207399273"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keita Takahashi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207399273"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086599298","display_name":"Madoka Hasegawa","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I207399273","display_name":"Utsunomiya University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bx1gz93","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I207399273"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Madoka Hasegawa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Engineering, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Engineering, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207399273"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007311789","display_name":"Yuichi Tanaka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4010-3154"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I207399273","display_name":"Utsunomiya University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bx1gz93","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I207399273"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuichi Tanaka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Engineering, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Engineering, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207399273"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112304114","display_name":"Shigeo Kato","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I207399273","display_name":"Utsunomiya University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bx1gz93","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I207399273"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shigeo Kato","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Engineering, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Engineering, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207399273"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207399273"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7141,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84407246,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"134","last_page":"137"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.989799976348877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password","display_name":"Password","score":0.8119798898696899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8050410151481628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6362972855567932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.48641371726989746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4836536645889282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.47791987657546997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/minutiae","display_name":"Minutiae","score":0.42733675241470337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.42639321088790894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3449348211288452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2771584093570709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fingerprint-recognition","display_name":"Fingerprint recognition","score":0.11750644445419312}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109297577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161157","display_name":"Password","level":2,"score":0.8119798898696899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8050410151481628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6362972855567932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.48641371726989746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4836536645889282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.47791987657546997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67174900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178022","display_name":"Minutiae","level":4,"score":0.42733675241470337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.42639321088790894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3449348211288452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2771584093570709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168406668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178022","display_name":"Fingerprint recognition","level":3,"score":0.11750644445419312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777826928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3745713","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/pcs.2010.5702441","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pcs.2010.5702441","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"28th Picture Coding Symposium","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.352.5116","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.352.5116","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1921097329","https://openalex.org/W2037202491","https://openalex.org/W2046378201","https://openalex.org/W2118217749","https://openalex.org/W2295237794","https://openalex.org/W2547176626","https://openalex.org/W2767620760","https://openalex.org/W6677967806","https://openalex.org/W6745838500"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2389331403","https://openalex.org/W2151980775","https://openalex.org/W1570615827","https://openalex.org/W2352456833","https://openalex.org/W2051063947","https://openalex.org/W2014007110","https://openalex.org/W2394192690","https://openalex.org/W2273831739","https://openalex.org/W1998027365","https://openalex.org/W2025389994"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Graphical":[0],"passwords":[1,10],"are":[2,95],"an":[3],"authentication":[4,119],"method":[5,21,110,134],"that":[6,132],"uses":[7],"pictures":[8],"as":[9],"instead":[11],"of":[12,32,44,52,103,117],"using":[13,30],"alphanumeric":[14],"characters.":[15],"We":[16,79,106],"propose":[17],"a":[18,45,53,87,91],"graphical":[19],"password":[20],"which":[22],"is":[23,56,75,135],"difficult":[24,76],"to":[25,61,85,97],"steal":[26],"original":[27],"pass-image":[28,64],"by":[29,125],"characteristics":[31],"human":[33],"vision":[34],"system.":[35],"In":[36],"our":[37,109,133],"method,":[38],"we":[39],"combine":[40],"low":[41],"frequency":[42,50],"components":[43,51],"decoy":[46,88],"picture":[47],"with":[48,111],"high":[49],"pass-image.":[54,92],"It":[55],"easy":[57],"for":[58,77],"legitimate":[59],"users":[60],"recognize":[62],"the":[63,66,70,118,122,126],"in":[65,115],"blended":[67],"image.":[68],"On":[69],"other":[71,112],"hand,":[72],"this":[73,104],"task":[74],"attackers.":[78],"used":[80],"discrete":[81],"wavelet":[82],"transform":[83],"(DWT)":[84],"blend":[86],"image":[89],"and":[90,100,121,138],"User":[93],"studies":[94],"conducted":[96],"evaluate":[98],"memorability":[99],"shoulder-surfing":[101],"robustness":[102],"method.":[105],"also":[107],"compared":[108],"existing":[113],"methods":[114],"terms":[116],"time":[120],"success":[123],"ratio":[124],"user":[127],"test.":[128],"The":[129],"results":[130],"show":[131],"more":[136],"usable":[137],"secure":[139],"against":[140],"shoulder-surfing.":[141]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}