{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2771507185","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pacrim.2017.8121922","title":"No such thing as a \u201cfree launch\u201d? Systematic benchmarking of containers","display_name":"No such thing as a \u201cfree launch\u201d? Systematic benchmarking of containers","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2771507185","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pacrim.2017.8121922","mag":"2771507185"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/pacrim.2017.8121922","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pacrim.2017.8121922","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2017 IEEE Pacific Rim Conference on Communications, Computers and Signal Processing (PACRIM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080083451","display_name":"Tianming Wei","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I212119943","display_name":"University of Victoria","ror":"https://ror.org/04s5mat29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tianming Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091735239","display_name":"Madhav Malhotra","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I212119943","display_name":"University of Victoria","ror":"https://ror.org/04s5mat29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Madhav Malhotra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101892177","display_name":"Bing Gao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I212119943","display_name":"University of Victoria","ror":"https://ror.org/04s5mat29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bing Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001077567","display_name":"Tomas Bednar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I212119943","display_name":"University of Victoria","ror":"https://ror.org/04s5mat29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tomas Bednar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076781220","display_name":"Derek Jacoby","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1552-7484"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I212119943","display_name":"University of Victoria","ror":"https://ror.org/04s5mat29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Derek Jacoby","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018223956","display_name":"Yvonne Coady","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3356-4193"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I212119943","display_name":"University of Victoria","ror":"https://ror.org/04s5mat29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yvonne Coady","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5080083451"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4836,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75532148,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.7317719459533691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtualization","display_name":"Virtualization","score":0.7176362872123718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7029563784599304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.6417456269264221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modular-design","display_name":"Modular design","score":0.6206083297729492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.5839743614196777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmarking","display_name":"Benchmarking","score":0.5792177319526672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/container","display_name":"Container (type theory)","score":0.5458134412765503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orchestration","display_name":"Orchestration","score":0.4663234353065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-machine","display_name":"Virtual machine","score":0.4471587538719177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.4371391534805298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4148976802825928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.17944008111953735}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.7317719459533691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513985346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q270471","display_name":"Virtualization","level":3,"score":0.7176362872123718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7029563784599304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.6417456269264221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101468663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158","display_name":"Modular design","level":2,"score":0.6206083297729492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.5839743614196777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.5792177319526672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781018962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164884","display_name":"Container (type theory)","level":2,"score":0.5458134412765503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199168358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3367000","display_name":"Orchestration","level":3,"score":0.4663234353065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25344961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192726","display_name":"Virtual machine","level":2,"score":0.4471587538719177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.4371391534805298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4148976802825928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17944008111953735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C558565934","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2743","display_name":"Musical","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/pacrim.2017.8121922","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/pacrim.2017.8121922","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2017 IEEE Pacific Rim Conference on Communications, Computers and Signal Processing (PACRIM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6499999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1569469665","https://openalex.org/W1981177057","https://openalex.org/W2023953679","https://openalex.org/W2067898525","https://openalex.org/W2100678175","https://openalex.org/W2104594675","https://openalex.org/W2282667554","https://openalex.org/W2396678513","https://openalex.org/W2533654679","https://openalex.org/W2547927143","https://openalex.org/W2556556320","https://openalex.org/W2608907896","https://openalex.org/W2612758540","https://openalex.org/W2612836460","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3110339796","https://openalex.org/W3135939249","https://openalex.org/W4393889292","https://openalex.org/W4376624698","https://openalex.org/W4393743571","https://openalex.org/W4288639410","https://openalex.org/W4288639263","https://openalex.org/W4391835618","https://openalex.org/W4288639245","https://openalex.org/W2088620127"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Docker":[0],"containers":[1,37,58,130,145,177],"have":[2],"recently":[3],"become":[4],"an":[5],"extremely":[6],"popular":[7],"means":[8],"of":[9,54,71,84,112,121,127,165,176,180,184,195,209],"building":[10],"robust,":[11],"modular":[12],"systems.":[13],"Essentially,":[14],"many":[15],"architectures":[16],"leverage":[17],"lightweight":[18],"virtualization":[19],"to":[20,56,77],"manage":[21],"micro-services.":[22],"Surprisingly":[23],"however,":[24,87],"there":[25],"are":[26,59,88,123],"very":[27],"few":[28],"studies":[29,111],"revealing":[30],"the":[31,52,63,69,82,89,125,174,181,188,193,199],"overheads,":[32],"such":[33,41],"as":[34,42],"starting":[35],"new":[36,144],"in":[38,96,124],"orchestration":[39],"systems,":[40,86],"Kubernetes.":[43],"Though":[44],"traditional":[45],"Virtual":[46],"Machines":[47],"(VMs)":[48],"can":[49,66],"take":[50,133],"on":[51,68,170],"order":[53,70],"minutes":[55],"launch,":[57],"much":[60],"faster":[61],"and":[62,198],"launch":[64,119,141,171],"times":[65,120,142,172],"be":[67,78],"seconds.":[72,134],"These":[73],"overheads":[74,197],"typically":[75,131],"considered":[76],"negligible":[79],"compared":[80],"with":[81],"benefits":[83],"container-based":[85],"predictable?":[90],"Our":[91,115],"work":[92,191],"investigates":[93],"these":[94,136],"costs":[95],"a":[97,101,108,159,168],"systematic":[98,204],"study":[99],"within":[100],"private":[102],"cloud":[103],"platform.":[104],"The":[105],"evaluation":[106],"outlines":[107],"process":[109],"for":[110,143,187,201,206],"this":[113],"kind.":[114],"results":[116,137],"confirm":[117],"that":[118,140,161],"VMs":[122],"range":[126],"minutes,":[128],"whereas":[129],"only":[132],"However,":[135],"also":[138],"show":[139],"do":[146],"not":[147],"always":[148],"scale":[149],"linearly.":[150],"Specifically,":[151],"we":[152],"identify":[153],"our":[154,202],"system":[155],"organized":[156],"by":[157],"Minikube,":[158],"tool":[160],"eases":[162],"local":[163],"deployment":[164],"Kubernetes,":[166],"introduces":[167],"penalty":[169],"once":[173],"number":[175,183],"exceeds":[178],"80%":[179],"maximum":[182],"pods":[185],"available":[186],"cluster.":[189],"This":[190],"demonstrates":[192],"presence":[194],"unexpected":[196],"need":[200],"proposed":[203],"infrastructure":[205],"testing":[207],"deployments":[208],"containerized":[210],"services":[211],"at":[212],"scale.":[213]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
