{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7162394583","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcs.2026.3697236","title":"SINdex: <b>S</b> emantic <b>IN</b> consistency Index for Hallucination Detection in LLMs","display_name":"SINdex: <b>S</b> emantic <b>IN</b> consistency Index for Hallucination Detection in LLMs","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7162394583","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcs.2026.3697236"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcs.2026.3697236","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcs.2026.3697236","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210176459","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society","issn_l":"2644-1268","issn":["2644-1268"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcs.2026.3697236","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029823776","display_name":"Samir Abdaljalil","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2183-6193"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samir Abdaljalil","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2183-6193","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040672401","display_name":"Parichit Sharma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0822-1089"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119109","display_name":"Indiana University Bloomington","ror":"https://ror.org/02k40bc56","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109","https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Parichit Sharma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0822-1089","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034213361","display_name":"Erchin Serpedin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9069-770X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erchin Serpedin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9069-770X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026385248","display_name":"Rachad Atat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8075-6243"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56306041","display_name":"Lebanese American University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hqkan37","country_code":"LB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56306041"]}],"countries":["LB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rachad Atat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Mathematics, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8075-6243","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Mathematics, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56306041"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137028511","display_name":"Hasan Kurban","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144839","display_name":"Hamad bin Khalifa University","ror":"https://ror.org/03eyq4y97","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hasan Kurban","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3142-2866","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"apc_paid":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67838716,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"1145","last_page":"1155"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11719","display_name":"Data Quality and Management","score":0.08879999816417694,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11719","display_name":"Data Quality and Management","score":0.08879999816417694,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12536","display_name":"Topological and Geometric Data Analysis","score":0.07360000163316727,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.048500001430511475,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/index","display_name":"Index (typography)","score":0.5659000277519226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/term","display_name":"Term (time)","score":0.289900004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.2467000037431717}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777382242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6017816","display_name":"Index (typography)","level":2,"score":0.5659000277519226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.41839998960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4156000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.38850000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.34610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.33489999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.3231000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.29269999265670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.289900004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.2467000037431717}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcs.2026.3697236","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcs.2026.3697236","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210176459","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society","issn_l":"2644-1268","issn":["2644-1268"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2f19622bc31b4bd08a31660cd3a35c3b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2f19622bc31b4bd08a31660cd3a35c3b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society, Vol 7, Pp 1145-1155 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcs.2026.3697236","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcs.2026.3697236","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210176459","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society","issn_l":"2644-1268","issn":["2644-1268"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.41148310899734497,"display_name":"Gender equality","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0],"language":[1],"models":[2],"(LLMs)":[3],"are":[4,12,28],"increasingly":[5],"deployed":[6],"across":[7,90],"diverse":[8],"domains,":[9],"yet":[10],"they":[11],"prone":[13],"to":[14,32,78,110],"generating":[15],"factually":[16],"incorrect":[17],"outputs-commonly":[18],"known":[19],"as":[20],"\u201challucinations.\u201d":[21],"Among":[22],"existing":[23],"mitigation":[24],"strategies,":[25],"uncertainty-based":[26,55],"methods":[27],"particularly":[29],"attractive":[30],"due":[31],"their":[33],"ease":[34],"of":[35,87,108,122],"implementation,":[36],"independence":[37],"from":[38],"external":[39],"data,":[40],"and":[41,53,68,83,97],"compatibility":[42],"with":[43],"standard":[44],"LLMs.":[45,92],"In":[46],"this":[47],"work,":[48],"we":[49],"introduce":[50],"a":[51,72],"novel":[52],"scalable":[54],"semantic":[56],"clustering":[57,70],"framework":[58],"for":[59],"automated":[60],"hallucination":[61,88],"detection.":[62],"Our":[63],"approach":[64],"leverages":[65],"sentence":[66],"embeddings":[67],"hierarchical":[69],"alongside":[71],"newly":[73],"proposed":[74],"inconsistency":[75],"measure,":[76],"SINdex,":[77],"yield":[79],"more":[80,84],"homogeneous":[81],"clusters":[82],"accurate":[85],"detection":[86],"phenomena":[89],"various":[91],"Evaluations":[93],"on":[94],"prominent":[95],"open-":[96],"closed-book":[98],"QA":[99],"datasets":[100],"demonstrate":[101],"that":[102],"our":[103,126],"method":[104],"achieves":[105],"AUROC":[106],"improvements":[107],"up":[109],"9.3%":[111],"over":[112],"state-of-the-art":[113],"techniques.":[114],"Extensive":[115],"ablation":[116],"studies":[117],"further":[118],"validate":[119],"the":[120],"effectiveness":[121],"each":[123],"component":[124],"in":[125],"framework.":[127]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-06T06:22:57.294733","created_date":"2026-05-27T00:00:00"}