{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7160292828","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcs.2026.3683890","title":"Efficient Lightweight YOLO for Adenoid Detection and Segmentation in Cephalometric Radiographs","display_name":"Efficient Lightweight YOLO for Adenoid Detection and Segmentation in Cephalometric Radiographs","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7160292828","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcs.2026.3683890"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcs.2026.3683890","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcs.2026.3683890","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210176459","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society","issn_l":"2644-1268","issn":["2644-1268"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcs.2026.3683890","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038808394","display_name":"Zou Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2653-4364"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Zou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2653-4364","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102768752","display_name":"Zixiang Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7600-9277"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zixiang Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cybersecurity, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7600-9277","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cybersecurity, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015739734","display_name":"Bomin Mao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7780-5972"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bomin Mao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cybersecurity, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7780-5972","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cybersecurity, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063504839","display_name":"Yijie Xun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5540-2651"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yijie Xun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cybersecurity, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5540-2651","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cybersecurity, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135374270","display_name":"Fei Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135324797","display_name":"Nei Kato","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8769-302X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201537933","display_name":"Tohoku University","ror":"https://ror.org/01dq60k83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nei Kato","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Information Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8769-302X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Information Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"apc_paid":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.53346543,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"695","last_page":"705"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11363","display_name":"Dental Radiography and Imaging","score":0.9861000180244446,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3504","display_name":"Oral Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11363","display_name":"Dental Radiography and Imaging","score":0.9861000180244446,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3504","display_name":"Oral Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10992","display_name":"Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies","score":0.004100000020116568,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10368","display_name":"Dental Health and Care Utilization","score":0.0010000000474974513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3506","display_name":"Periodontics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiography","display_name":"Radiography","score":0.6015999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.5860000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.36550000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adenoid","display_name":"Adenoid","score":0.31619998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-imaging","display_name":"Medical imaging","score":0.28610000014305115}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36454342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245341","display_name":"Radiography","level":2,"score":0.6015999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.5860000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5509999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5171999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29694066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118301","display_name":"Orthodontics","level":1,"score":0.4970000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4948999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.39579999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.36550000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214963","display_name":"Nuclear medicine","level":1,"score":0.33079999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.31949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781163425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q552087","display_name":"Adenoid","level":2,"score":0.31619998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31601959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931309","display_name":"Medical imaging","level":2,"score":0.28610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199343813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12128","display_name":"Dentistry","level":1,"score":0.2718000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19527891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908","display_name":"Medical physics","level":1,"score":0.25920000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.2513999938964844}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcs.2026.3683890","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcs.2026.3683890","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210176459","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society","issn_l":"2644-1268","issn":["2644-1268"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:703a1f9d2b52444ea2ac41ba5b4689fc","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/703a1f9d2b52444ea2ac41ba5b4689fc","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society, Vol 7, Pp 695-705 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcs.2026.3683890","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcs.2026.3683890","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210176459","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society","issn_l":"2644-1268","issn":["2644-1268"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1849277567","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1973451207","https://openalex.org/W2012122359","https://openalex.org/W2014047733","https://openalex.org/W2057687481","https://openalex.org/W2091487827","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2115355256","https://openalex.org/W2121039635","https://openalex.org/W2162688500","https://openalex.org/W2182965306","https://openalex.org/W2626449739","https://openalex.org/W2752782242","https://openalex.org/W2955058313","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W2978377621","https://openalex.org/W3034552520","https://openalex.org/W3154696938","https://openalex.org/W3159790497","https://openalex.org/W3160523169","https://openalex.org/W3188109596","https://openalex.org/W4289752563","https://openalex.org/W4313015293","https://openalex.org/W4379743948","https://openalex.org/W4394627605","https://openalex.org/W4402076612","https://openalex.org/W4409356441","https://openalex.org/W4411639814","https://openalex.org/W4413318953","https://openalex.org/W4414715049","https://openalex.org/W4416113935","https://openalex.org/W4416707061"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Adenoid":[0],"hypertrophy":[1],"is":[2,27],"a":[3,39,82,91],"common":[4],"pediatric":[5],"and":[6,17,46,50,65,76,90,106,116],"adolescent":[7],"condition":[8],"that":[9],"can":[10],"cause":[11],"mouth":[12],"breathing,":[13],"snoring,":[14],"adenoidal":[15],"facies,":[16],"craniofacial":[18],"developmental":[19],"issues.":[20],"In":[21,34],"clinical":[22,119],"ENT":[23],"diagnosis,":[24],"medical":[25],"imaging":[26],"often":[28],"required":[29],"to":[30],"evaluate":[31],"adenoid":[32],"status.":[33],"this":[35],"paper,":[36],"we":[37],"introduce":[38],"lightweight":[40,61],"YOLO-based":[41],"model":[42,59,104],"for":[43,118],"automatic":[44],"detection":[45],"segmentation":[47],"of":[48,88,97,101],"adenoids":[49],"upper":[51],"airway":[52],"regions":[53],"in":[54,103,108],"lateral":[55],"cephalometric":[56],"radiographs.":[57],"The":[58],"incorporates":[60],"depthwise":[62],"separable":[63],"convolutions":[64],"an":[66],"improved":[67],"attention":[68],"fusion":[69],"module":[70],"(C3K2CSA),":[71],"significantly":[72],"reducing":[73],"parameter":[74],"size":[75,105],"computation":[77],"cost.":[78],"Experimental":[79],"results":[80,111],"show":[81],"Box":[83],"mAP<inline-formula":[84,93],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[85,94],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><tex-math":[86,95],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$_{50}$</tex-math></inline-formula>":[87,96],"0.922":[89],"Mask":[92],"0.94,":[98],"with":[99],"reductions":[100],"17.5%":[102],"13.7%":[107],"computation.":[109],"These":[110],"demonstrate":[112],"the":[113],"model\u2019s":[114],"effectiveness":[115],"suitability":[117],"deployment.":[120]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-07T06:04:25.777469","created_date":"2026-05-06T00:00:00"}