{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7130365570","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcs.2026.3666199","title":"Reinforcing CBDC Integrity: A Novel Anti Money Laundering Solution by Integrating Blockchain, Machine Learning, and Taint Analysis","display_name":"Reinforcing CBDC Integrity: A Novel Anti Money Laundering Solution by Integrating Blockchain, Machine Learning, and Taint Analysis","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7130365570","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcs.2026.3666199"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcs.2026.3666199","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcs.2026.3666199","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210176459","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society","issn_l":"2644-1268","issn":["2644-1268"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcs.2026.3666199","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120189661","display_name":"Shamama Tul Amber","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shamama Tul Amber","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059076853","display_name":"Huma Ghafoor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4640-4233"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huma Ghafoor","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4640-4233","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Pham Duy Thanh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5084-3044"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90023481","display_name":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/016bgq349","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90023481"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pham Duy Thanh","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5084-3044","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90023481"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Chih-Hsien Hsia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2665-0821"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75430998","display_name":"National Ilan University","ror":"https://ror.org/01npf0s58","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75430998"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chih-Hsien Hsia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Ilan University, Yilan, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2665-0821","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Ilan University, Yilan, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75430998"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"apc_paid":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.13474356,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"514","last_page":"527"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.840499997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.840499997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11838","display_name":"Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance","score":0.054999999701976776,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11995","display_name":"FinTech, Crowdfunding, Digital Finance","score":0.006200000178068876,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-currency","display_name":"Digital currency","score":0.6373000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/money-laundering","display_name":"Money laundering","score":0.6347000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database-transaction","display_name":"Database transaction","score":0.59579998254776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/order","display_name":"Order (exchange)","score":0.4650000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/financial-transaction","display_name":"Financial transaction","score":0.4309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enforcement","display_name":"Enforcement","score":0.40470001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transaction-data","display_name":"Transaction data","score":0.37119999527931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/financial-inclusion","display_name":"Financial inclusion","score":0.3628000020980835}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7024999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48220719","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10836209","display_name":"Digital currency","level":3,"score":0.6373000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780005421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151900","display_name":"Money laundering","level":2,"score":0.6347000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75949130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010","display_name":"Database transaction","level":2,"score":0.59579998254776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4952000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.4650000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164516710","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1166072","display_name":"Financial transaction","level":3,"score":0.4309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779777834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4202277","display_name":"Enforcement","level":2,"score":0.40470001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127722929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7833714","display_name":"Transaction data","level":3,"score":0.37119999527931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779251847","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60852","display_name":"Financial inclusion","level":3,"score":0.3628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82279013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q684740","display_name":"Real estate","level":2,"score":0.34150001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153876917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899704","display_name":"Traceability","level":2,"score":0.33869999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.31859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118463975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220849","display_name":"Digital signature","level":3,"score":0.302700012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110406131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41349","display_name":"Smart card","level":2,"score":0.2800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2734000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.26750001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84418412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246940","display_name":"Digital forensics","level":2,"score":0.26510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.2531000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.250900000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2502000033855438}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcs.2026.3666199","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcs.2026.3666199","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210176459","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society","issn_l":"2644-1268","issn":["2644-1268"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcs.2026.3666199","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcs.2026.3666199","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210176459","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society","issn_l":"2644-1268","issn":["2644-1268"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.7709513902664185}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"the":[1,43,66,92,102,113,168,175,179,189,230,255,263],"central":[2],"bank":[3],"digital":[4,275],"currency":[5],"(CBDC)":[6],"is":[7,117,252],"rapidly":[8],"becoming":[9],"operational,":[10],"there":[11],"are":[12,98,124],"both":[13],"opportunities":[14],"for":[15,56],"financial":[16],"inclusion":[17],"and":[18,27,71,88,107,154,217,223,236,285],"efficiency,":[19],"as":[20,22],"well":[21],"problems":[23],"of":[24,61,80,104,171,186,191,202,232,246,282],"security":[25,54],"threats":[26],"anti":[28],"money":[29,283],"laundering":[30,284],"(AML),":[31],"particularly":[32],"due":[33],"to":[34,41,84,100,126,133,159,228,260],"concerns":[35],"about":[36],"user":[37],"anonymity.":[38],"In":[39,195],"order":[40,132],"address":[42],"risks":[44],"associated":[45],"with":[46,208,212,215,219,277],"anonymous":[47],"transactions,":[48],"this":[49],"research":[50],"proposes":[51],"a":[52,184,199,278],"multi-layered":[53],"framework":[55,266],"CBDC":[57,93,207,211,214,218,290],"that":[58,123,149,238,270],"makes":[59,78],"use":[60,79],"smart":[62,82],"contracts":[63,83],"built":[64],"on":[65],"Ethereum":[67],"platform,":[68],"taint":[69,221],"analysis,":[70],"machine":[72,182],"learning":[73],"(ML)":[74],"models.":[75],"The":[76],"solution":[77],"programmable":[81],"automate":[85],"policy":[86],"enforcement":[87],"transaction":[89,110,129],"validation":[90],"within":[91],"ecosystem.":[94],"Taint":[95],"analysis":[96,222],"techniques":[97],"incorporated":[99],"track":[101],"movement":[103],"illicit":[105,138],"funds":[106],"identify":[108,135],"questionable":[109],"patterns":[111],"across":[112],"blockchain":[114],"network.":[115],"This":[116],"further":[118],"enhanced":[119],"by":[120],"ML":[121,157],"models":[122,158],"optimized":[125],"learn":[127],"from":[128],"data":[130],"in":[131,174,188,274],"reliably":[134],"anomalous":[136],"or":[137],"actions":[139],"before":[140],"they":[141],"occur.":[142],"We":[143],"have":[144],"generated":[145],"two":[146,151],"synthetic":[147],"datasets":[148],"include":[150],"case":[152,190],"scenarios":[153],"trained":[155],"six":[156],"evaluate":[160],"them":[161],"comparatively.":[162],"Of":[163],"them,":[164],"random":[165],"forest":[166],"had":[167,183],"highest":[169],"level":[170],"accuracy,":[172],"91.11%,":[173],"cross-border":[176],"case,":[177],"whereas":[178],"support":[180],"vector":[181],"accuracy":[185],"93.12%":[187],"real":[192],"estate":[193],"transactions.":[194],"addition,":[196],"we":[197],"conducted":[198],"performance":[200,231],"comparison":[201],"five":[203],"environments;":[204],"traditional":[205],"banking,":[206],"baseline":[209],"blockchain,":[210,213,220],"ML,":[216],"ML.":[224],"Weused":[225],"different":[226],"metrics":[227],"test":[229],"our":[233,239,261],"proposed":[234,264],"scheme":[235],"found":[237],"AML":[240],"tracking":[241],"algorithm":[242],"took":[243],"an":[244],"average":[245],"0.55":[247],"s":[248],"inference":[249],"time,":[250],"which":[251],"faster":[253],"than":[254],"underlying":[256],"reference":[257],"method.":[258],"According":[259],"results,":[262],"combined":[265],"ensures":[267],"high-level":[268],"protection":[269],"improved":[271],"risk":[272,281],"detection":[273],"currencies,":[276],"significantly":[279],"reduced":[280],"related":[286],"hazards":[287],"when":[288],"using":[289],"systems.":[291]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-02-28T06:14:18.631764","created_date":"2026-02-19T00:00:00"}
