{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7123348677","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcs.2026.3651292","title":"Image Copyright Protection: A Comprehensive Survey of Digital Watermarking, Deep Learning, and Blockchain Approaches","display_name":"Image Copyright Protection: A Comprehensive Survey of Digital Watermarking, Deep Learning, and Blockchain Approaches","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7123348677","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcs.2026.3651292"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcs.2026.3651292","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcs.2026.3651292","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210176459","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society","issn_l":"2644-1268","issn":["2644-1268"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcs.2026.3651292","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Phuc Nguyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6577-0159"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387155442","display_name":"University of Economics and Law","ror":"https://ror.org/0138jhg57","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123565023","https://openalex.org/I4387155442"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Phuc Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Systems, University of Economics and Law, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6577-0159","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Systems, University of Economics and Law, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387155442"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058490725","display_name":"Tan Hanh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095603","display_name":"Vietnam Posts and Telecommunications Group (Vietnam)","ror":"https://ror.org/00q0e7f94","country_code":"VN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210095603"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4400600977","display_name":"Posts and Telecommunications Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0363rtq22","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4400600977"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tan Hanh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Posts and Telecommunications Institute of Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Posts and Telecommunications Institute of Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095603","https://openalex.org/I4400600977"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041417996","display_name":"Truong Duy Dinh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9993-9792"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095603","display_name":"Vietnam Posts and Telecommunications Group (Vietnam)","ror":"https://ror.org/00q0e7f94","country_code":"VN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210095603"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4400600977","display_name":"Posts and Telecommunications Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0363rtq22","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4400600977"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Truong Duy Dinh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Posts and Telecommunications Institute of Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9993-9792","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Posts and Telecommunications Institute of Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095603","https://openalex.org/I4400600977"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078006350","display_name":"Trong Thua Huynh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3934-1067"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095603","display_name":"Vietnam Posts and Telecommunications Group (Vietnam)","ror":"https://ror.org/00q0e7f94","country_code":"VN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210095603"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4400600977","display_name":"Posts and Telecommunications Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0363rtq22","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4400600977"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Trong Thua Huynh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Posts and Telecommunications Institute of Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3934-1067","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Posts and Telecommunications Institute of Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095603","https://openalex.org/I4400600977"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"apc_paid":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.05225891,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"244","last_page":"263"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.8062000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.8062000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.08739999681711197,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.011900000274181366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert","display_name":"Covert","score":0.5403000116348267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asset","display_name":"Asset (computer security)","score":0.5054000020027161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.4722000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.392300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intellectual-property","display_name":"Intellectual property","score":0.383899986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emerging-technologies","display_name":"Emerging technologies","score":0.36820000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/complement","display_name":"Complement (music)","score":0.3325999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.33090001344680786}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6317999958992004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779338814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179285","display_name":"Covert","level":2,"score":0.5403000116348267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5327000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76178495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4808784","display_name":"Asset (computer security)","level":2,"score":0.5054000020027161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.4722000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.4431000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.392300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34974158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131257","display_name":"Intellectual property","level":2,"score":0.383899986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207267971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120208","display_name":"Emerging technologies","level":2,"score":0.36820000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112313634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7886648","display_name":"Complement (music)","level":5,"score":0.3325999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.33090001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779965156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227350","display_name":"Data sharing","level":3,"score":0.31349998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150817343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875932","display_name":"Digital watermarking","level":3,"score":0.31029999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.299699991941452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776674983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q545981","display_name":"Image editing","level":3,"score":0.2870999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69360830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172237","display_name":"Data Protection Act 1998","level":2,"score":0.2815000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.2784999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.2773999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42781572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1250322","display_name":"Digital image","level":4,"score":0.2761000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.2687999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203043789","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138461","display_name":"Digital economy","level":2,"score":0.26420000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2603999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.25780001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126082660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4252370","display_name":"Digital transformation","level":2,"score":0.2572999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780639701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q354869","display_name":"Image sharing","level":3,"score":0.2563000023365021}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcs.2026.3651292","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcs.2026.3651292","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210176459","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society","issn_l":"2644-1268","issn":["2644-1268"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcs.2026.3651292","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcs.2026.3651292","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210176459","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society","issn_l":"2644-1268","issn":["2644-1268"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316968","display_name":"Posts and Telecommunications Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00v416254"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":66,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2119567889","https://openalex.org/W2145010953","https://openalex.org/W2805386285","https://openalex.org/W2806536795","https://openalex.org/W2808861077","https://openalex.org/W2944646475","https://openalex.org/W2970373593","https://openalex.org/W2982163850","https://openalex.org/W2994673315","https://openalex.org/W2997594966","https://openalex.org/W3018196041","https://openalex.org/W3036868901","https://openalex.org/W3092600322","https://openalex.org/W3093768290","https://openalex.org/W3117243465","https://openalex.org/W3131018823","https://openalex.org/W3135664886","https://openalex.org/W3199325298","https://openalex.org/W3207498054","https://openalex.org/W4210856309","https://openalex.org/W4214851787","https://openalex.org/W4226000197","https://openalex.org/W4293065234","https://openalex.org/W4297755958","https://openalex.org/W4308146468","https://openalex.org/W4311434074","https://openalex.org/W4311806958","https://openalex.org/W4313894239","https://openalex.org/W4319303481","https://openalex.org/W4322769321","https://openalex.org/W4327810912","https://openalex.org/W4360618912","https://openalex.org/W4376481109","https://openalex.org/W4377090055","https://openalex.org/W4381198923","https://openalex.org/W4384069253","https://openalex.org/W4386326354","https://openalex.org/W4386753176","https://openalex.org/W4386847724","https://openalex.org/W4387190477","https://openalex.org/W4389262673","https://openalex.org/W4392131995","https://openalex.org/W4392643095","https://openalex.org/W4392956041","https://openalex.org/W4393235865","https://openalex.org/W4397019333","https://openalex.org/W4399146295","https://openalex.org/W4401386210","https://openalex.org/W4401753888","https://openalex.org/W4402264740","https://openalex.org/W4402396268","https://openalex.org/W4402468656","https://openalex.org/W4403721346","https://openalex.org/W4404477476","https://openalex.org/W4405219005","https://openalex.org/W4406435276","https://openalex.org/W4407079503","https://openalex.org/W4409293412","https://openalex.org/W4409512023","https://openalex.org/W4409513226","https://openalex.org/W4409584896","https://openalex.org/W4412164382","https://openalex.org/W4412964899","https://openalex.org/W4412980504","https://openalex.org/W4413158844","https://openalex.org/W7108480454"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Images":[0],"have":[1,23],"become":[2],"a":[3,65,77],"strategic":[4],"digital":[5,49,81],"asset":[6],"that":[7,58],"powers":[8],"creative":[9],"industries,":[10],"e\u2013commerce,":[11],"and":[12,19,29,35,45,70,86,95,104,124,135],"data\u2013driven":[13],"services.":[14],"However,":[15],"modern":[16],"editing":[17],"tools":[18],"large\u2013scale":[20],"sharing":[21],"platforms":[22],"made":[24],"copyright":[25,74,126,150],"infringement,":[26],"unauthorized":[27],"redistribution,":[28],"covert":[30],"manipulation":[31],"easier":[32],"to":[33,37,42,141],"perpetrate":[34],"harder":[36],"detect.":[38],"These":[39],"risks":[40],"lead":[41],"financial":[43],"losses":[44],"weaken":[46],"trust":[47],"in":[48,148],"ecosystems,":[50],"creating":[51],"an":[52],"urgent":[53],"need":[54],"for":[55,72,121],"technical":[56],"protections":[57],"complement":[59],"legal":[60],"remedies.":[61],"This":[62],"paper":[63],"presents":[64],"comprehensive":[66],"survey":[67],"of":[68,97,128,145],"technologies":[69,113],"approaches":[71],"image":[73,149],"protection,":[75],"with":[76],"particular":[78],"emphasis":[79],"on":[80],"watermarking,":[82],"deep":[83],"learning-based":[84],"methods,":[85],"blockchain-enabled":[87],"frameworks.":[88],"We":[89],"systematically":[90],"examine":[91],"the":[92,143,146],"principles,":[93],"mechanisms,":[94],"applications":[96],"these":[98,112],"techniques,":[99],"evaluating":[100],"their":[101],"strengths,":[102],"limitations,":[103],"potential":[105],"synergies.":[106],"In":[107],"addition,":[108],"we":[109,131],"explore":[110],"how":[111],"can":[114],"be":[115],"effectively":[116],"integrated":[117],"into":[118],"practical":[119],"systems":[120],"secure,":[122],"reliable,":[123],"scalable":[125],"protection":[127],"images.":[129],"Finally,":[130],"identify":[132],"existing":[133],"challenges":[134],"propose":[136],"promising":[137],"future":[138],"research":[139],"directions":[140],"advance":[142],"state":[144],"art":[147],"protection.":[151]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-01-19T04:01:09.351973","created_date":"2026-01-14T00:00:00"}
