{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417284335","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcs.2025.3643738","title":"Designing for the Unlikely: Mitigation Against Rare, High-Impact Threats","display_name":"Designing for the Unlikely: Mitigation Against Rare, High-Impact Threats","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417284335","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcs.2025.3643738"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcs.2025.3643738","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcs.2025.3643738","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210176459","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society","issn_l":"2644-1268","issn":["2644-1268"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcs.2025.3643738","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027325596","display_name":"Francesco Sassi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7270-8604"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I861853513","display_name":"Sapienza University of Rome","ror":"https://ror.org/02be6w209","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Sassi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Informatica, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7270-8604","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Informatica, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064723462","display_name":"Massimo La Morgia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7132-078X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I861853513","display_name":"Sapienza University of Rome","ror":"https://ror.org/02be6w209","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Massimo La Morgia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Informatica, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7132-078X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Informatica, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010727123","display_name":"Sushil Jajodia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3210-558X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sushil Jajodia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Secure Information Systems, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3210-558X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Secure Information Systems, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046905749","display_name":"Luigi V. Mancini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4859-2191"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I861853513","display_name":"Sapienza University of Rome","ror":"https://ror.org/02be6w209","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luigi Vincenzo Mancini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Informatica, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4859-2191","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Informatica, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050834543","display_name":"Alessandro Mei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1215-9644"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I861853513","display_name":"Sapienza University of Rome","ror":"https://ror.org/02be6w209","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alessandro Mei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Informatica, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1215-9644","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Informatica, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"apc_paid":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.35852031,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"80","last_page":"92"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11807","display_name":"Infrastructure Resilience and Vulnerability Analysis","score":0.20800000429153442,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11807","display_name":"Infrastructure Resilience and Vulnerability Analysis","score":0.20800000429153442,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.10570000112056732,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.0966000035405159,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.8497999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resilience","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","score":0.7488999962806702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.6682999730110168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rare-events","display_name":"Rare events","score":0.4097999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychological-resilience","display_name":"Psychological resilience","score":0.3779999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/path","display_name":"Path (computing)","score":0.37139999866485596}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.8497999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779585090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457762","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.7488999962806702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.7146000266075134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.6682999730110168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5996999740600586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5758000016212463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777317252","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18393516","display_name":"Rare events","level":2,"score":0.4097999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137176749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4105337","display_name":"Psychological resilience","level":2,"score":0.3779999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765","display_name":"Path (computing)","level":2,"score":0.37139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112987892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5051574","display_name":"Catastrophic failure","level":2,"score":0.3598000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2822999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776544517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189447","display_name":"Unexpected events","level":2,"score":0.2587999999523163}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcs.2025.3643738","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcs.2025.3643738","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210176459","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society","issn_l":"2644-1268","issn":["2644-1268"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a9d6adf1c09742e5a4f38e53286b6153","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a9d6adf1c09742e5a4f38e53286b6153","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society, Vol 7, Pp 80-92 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcs.2025.3643738","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcs.2025.3643738","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210176459","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society","issn_l":"2644-1268","issn":["2644-1268"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G926172096","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N00014-23-1-2132","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cybersecurity":[0],"strategies":[1,144],"are":[2],"typically":[3],"built":[4],"on":[5],"risk-based":[6],"frameworks":[7],"that":[8,65,100,110,145,184],"prioritize":[9,88],"threats":[10],"according":[11],"to":[12,106,161,180],"their":[13],"perceived":[14],"likelihood,":[15],"impact,":[16],"and":[17,26,80,104,113],"the":[18,50,54,73,135],"cost":[19],"of":[20],"mitigation.":[21],"Although":[22],"effective":[23],"against":[24],"frequent":[25],"high":[27],"probability":[28],"risks,":[29],"this":[30],"approach":[31],"systematically":[32],"underestimates":[33],"rare":[34,94,112,187],"but":[35,188],"high-impact":[36,114,189],"events.":[37,140,190],"Such":[38],"events,":[39],"though":[40],"statistically":[41],"unlikely,":[42],"can":[43,133,185],"produce":[44],"catastrophic":[45],"disruption,":[46],"as":[47,125,150],"illustrated":[48],"by":[49,137],"9/11":[51],"attacks":[52],"or":[53,68,153],"COVID-19":[55],"pandemic.":[56],"Preventing":[57],"these":[58],"events":[59],"would":[60],"have":[61],"required":[62],"sustained":[63],"investments":[64],"seemed":[66],"economically":[67],"socially":[69],"unjustifiable":[70],"until":[71],"after":[72],"disaster":[74],"struck.":[75],"This":[76,97],"tension":[77],"between":[78],"efficiency":[79,179],"resilience":[81,92],"exposes":[82],"a":[83,126,170],"systemic":[84],"weakness:":[85],"defenders":[86],"often":[87],"short-term":[89],"risks":[90,115],"over":[91],"for":[93,169,178],"adversarial":[95],"scenarios.":[96],"paper":[98],"argues":[99],"it":[101],"is":[102],"feasible":[103],"necessary":[105],"develop":[107],"novel":[108],"countermeasures":[109],"address":[111],"without":[116],"imposing":[117],"prohibitive":[118],"costs.":[119],"Using":[120],"autonomous":[121],"drone-based":[122],"border":[123],"monitoring":[124],"case":[127],"study,":[128],"we":[129],"examine":[130],"how":[131],"attackers":[132],"exploit":[134],"system":[136],"injecting":[138],"fake":[139],"We":[141,167],"propose":[142],"mitigation":[143],"introduce":[146],"modest":[147],"inefficiencies,":[148],"such":[149],"random":[151],"perturbations":[152],"suboptimal":[154],"path":[155],"choices,":[156],"which":[157],"substantially":[158],"reduce":[159],"susceptibility":[160],"manipulation":[162],"while":[163],"adding":[164],"minimal":[165],"overhead.":[166],"argue":[168],"paradigm":[171],"shift:":[172],"from":[173],"optimizing":[174],"information":[175],"systems":[176,183],"exclusively":[177],"designing":[181],"resilient":[182],"withstand":[186]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-12-12T00:00:00"}