{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415747979","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcs.2025.3626958","title":"Leveraging AdamW Golden Search Optimized Multi-Level Attention Stacked Feature Generators for Cephalometric Landmark Prediction","display_name":"Leveraging AdamW Golden Search Optimized Multi-Level Attention Stacked Feature Generators for Cephalometric Landmark Prediction","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415747979","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcs.2025.3626958"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcs.2025.3626958","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcs.2025.3626958","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210176459","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society","issn_l":"2644-1268","issn":["2644-1268"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcs.2025.3626958","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041955225","display_name":"R Neeraja","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6081-6269"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I916357946","display_name":"Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/054psm803","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I916357946"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neeraja R","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6081-6269","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I916357946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076924939","display_name":"L. Jani Anbarasi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I876193797","display_name":"Vellore Institute of Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00qzypv28","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L. Jani Anbarasi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8904-2236","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052062478","display_name":"Benson Edwin Raj","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119744171","display_name":"Higher Colleges of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00qmy9z88","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119744171"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benson Edwin Raj","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Information Sciences, Higher Colleges of Technology, Fujairah, UAE"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6669-1823","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Information Sciences, Higher Colleges of Technology, Fujairah, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119744171"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112460925","display_name":"Sathiya Narayanan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I876193797","display_name":"Vellore Institute of Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00qzypv28","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sathiya Narayanan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8064-7442","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"apc_paid":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.37509672,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":null,"first_page":"1870","last_page":"1883"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11363","display_name":"Dental Radiography and Imaging","score":0.9728999733924866,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3504","display_name":"Oral Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11363","display_name":"Dental Radiography and Imaging","score":0.9728999733924866,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3504","display_name":"Oral Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10356","display_name":"Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics","score":0.01590000092983246,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3505","display_name":"Orthodontics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10992","display_name":"Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies","score":0.0010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/landmark","display_name":"Landmark","score":0.9075000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.6420999765396118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5181999802589417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4113999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dropout","display_name":"Dropout (neural networks)","score":0.4034000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generator","display_name":"Generator (circuit theory)","score":0.3817000091075897}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780297707","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4895393","display_name":"Landmark","level":2,"score":0.9075000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7281000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6420999765396118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6317999958992004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5181999802589417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.49970000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4113999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776145597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25339462","display_name":"Dropout (neural networks)","level":2,"score":0.4034000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780992000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17016113","display_name":"Generator (circuit theory)","level":3,"score":0.3817000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.359499990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.30079999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108010975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q500094","display_name":"Pruning","level":2,"score":0.2957000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2896000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.27649998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.2565999925136566}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcs.2025.3626958","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcs.2025.3626958","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210176459","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society","issn_l":"2644-1268","issn":["2644-1268"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:117b4df8f83f42cbb843168943db2215","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/117b4df8f83f42cbb843168943db2215","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society, Vol 6, Pp 1870-1883 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcs.2025.3626958","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcs.2025.3626958","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210176459","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society","issn_l":"2644-1268","issn":["2644-1268"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,70,110,171,212],"identification":[1],"of":[2,18,32,177,191,221,241,246],"cephalometric":[3,68],"landmarks":[4,40,66,132],"is":[5,60],"an":[6,46,238],"essential":[7],"and":[8,16,34,100,133,182,193,236],"imperative":[9],"process":[10],"commonly":[11],"employed":[12],"in":[13,185,231],"the":[14,26,30,144,151,155,189],"planning":[15],"diagnosis":[17],"orthodontic":[19],"treatments.":[20],"Computer-aided":[21],"completely":[22],"automated":[23],"methods":[24],"have":[25],"potential":[27],"to":[28,62,88,117],"enhance":[29],"efficiency":[31],"orthodontists":[33],"orthognathic":[35],"surgeons":[36],"by":[37,147,161],"accurately":[38],"identifying":[39],"from":[41,67,143,226],"cephalograms.":[42],"In":[43],"this":[44],"paper,":[45],"AdamW":[47,169],"Golden":[48,163],"Search":[49,164],"Optimization":[50,165],"based":[51],"multi-level":[52,78],"attention":[53,79],"enhanced":[54],"Stacked":[55,71],"Feature":[56,72],"Generator":[57,73],"architecture":[58,112],"(AWGSO_SFGCephX)":[59],"proposed":[61,111,172],"automatically":[63],"predict":[64],"19":[65],"radiographs.":[69],"(SFGCephX)":[74],"model":[75],"utilized":[76],"multiple":[77],"integrated":[80],"feature":[81,152],"extractors":[82],"combined":[83],"with":[84,94,106,168],"a":[85,216],"characteristic":[86],"meta-learner":[87],"provide":[89],"well-balanced":[90],"landmark":[91,122,141],"prediction":[92],"results":[93],"higher":[95],"Successful":[96],"Detection":[97],"Rates":[98],"(SDRs)":[99],"minimum":[101],"Mean":[102],"Radial":[103],"Errors":[104],"(MREs)":[105],"Standard":[107],"Deviations":[108],"(SDs).":[109],"collaborated":[113],"gaussian":[114],"dropout":[115,135],"layers":[116],"acquire":[118],"more":[119,139],"resilient":[120],"unique":[121],"features":[123,142],"that":[124],"are":[125],"not":[126],"excessively":[127],"reliant":[128],"on":[129,201],"specific":[130],"input":[131],"spatial":[134],"strategy":[136],"for":[137,180,207],"learning":[138],"robust":[140],"skull":[145,223],"X-rays":[146,224],"randomly":[148],"dropping":[149],"out":[150],"maps":[153],"during":[154],"training.":[156],"TheSFGCephXis":[157],"trained":[158],"using":[159,188,215],"theAWGSOtechnique":[160],"integrating":[162],"(GSO)":[166],"algorithm":[167],"optimizer.":[170],"framework":[173],"achieved":[174],"average":[175,239],"SDRs":[176],"89.17%,":[178],"79.8%":[179],"Test1":[181],"Test2":[183],"dataset":[184,219],"2mm":[186],"precision":[187,244],"Institute":[190],"Electrical":[192],"Electronics":[194],"Engineers":[195],"(IEEE)":[196],"organized":[197],"2015":[198],"International":[199],"Symposium":[200],"Biomedical":[202],"Imaging":[203],"(ISBI)":[204],"grand":[205],"challenge":[206],"dental":[208],"X-ray":[209],"analysis":[210],"dataset.":[211],"proposedAWGSO_SFGCephXis":[213],"evaluated":[214],"clinical":[217],"private":[218],"consisting":[220],"130":[222],"obtained":[225,237],"Solanki":[227],"Dental":[228],"Care":[229],"Clinic":[230],"Sharjah,":[232],"United":[233],"Arab":[234],"Emirates,":[235],"SDR":[240],"75.71%":[242],"within":[243],"range":[245],"2mm.":[247]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-31T00:00:00"}
