{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411799581","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcs.2025.3584297","title":"GEN Self-Labeling Object Detector for PCB Recycling Evaluation","display_name":"GEN Self-Labeling Object Detector for PCB Recycling Evaluation","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411799581","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcs.2025.3584297"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcs.2025.3584297","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcs.2025.3584297","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210176459","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society","issn_l":"2644-1268","issn":["2644-1268"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcs.2025.3584297","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044080367","display_name":"Leandro H. de S. Silva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6221-2250"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71437568","display_name":"Universidade de Pernambuco","ror":"https://ror.org/00gtcbp88","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71437568"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leandro Honorato de S. Silva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Escola Polit&#x00E9;cnica de Pernambuco, Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6221-2250","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Escola Polit&#x00E9;cnica de Pernambuco, Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71437568"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075097645","display_name":"Agostinho Freire","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6059-9014"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71437568","display_name":"Universidade de Pernambuco","ror":"https://ror.org/00gtcbp88","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71437568"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Agostinho Freire","raw_affiliation_strings":["Escola Polit&#x00E9;cnica de Pernambuco, Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Escola Polit&#x00E9;cnica de Pernambuco, Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71437568"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022418857","display_name":"George O. A. Azevedo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6194-5353"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71437568","display_name":"Universidade de Pernambuco","ror":"https://ror.org/00gtcbp88","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71437568"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"George O. A. Azevedo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Escola Polit&#x00E9;cnica de Pernambuco, Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6194-5353","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Escola Polit&#x00E9;cnica de Pernambuco, Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71437568"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"S\u00e9rgio Campello Oliveira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1058-1139"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71437568","display_name":"Universidade de Pernambuco","ror":"https://ror.org/00gtcbp88","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71437568"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S\u00e9rgio Campello Oliveira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Escola Polit&#x00E9;cnica de Pernambuco, Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1058-1139","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Escola Polit&#x00E9;cnica de Pernambuco, Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71437568"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089260373","display_name":"Carlo Marcelo Revoredo da Silva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4283-6490"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71437568","display_name":"Universidade de Pernambuco","ror":"https://ror.org/00gtcbp88","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71437568"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carlo M. R. da Silva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Escola Polit&#x00E9;cnica de Pernambuco, Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4283-6490","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Escola Polit&#x00E9;cnica de Pernambuco, Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71437568"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059739611","display_name":"Bruno Fernandes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6001-3925"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71437568","display_name":"Universidade de Pernambuco","ror":"https://ror.org/00gtcbp88","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71437568"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bruno J. T. Fernandes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Escola Polit&#x00E9;cnica de Pernambuco, Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6001-3925","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Escola Polit&#x00E9;cnica de Pernambuco, Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71437568"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"apc_paid":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"fwci":1.4604,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82460593,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":null,"first_page":"1041","last_page":"1052"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12017","display_name":"Recycling and Waste Management Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2311","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12017","display_name":"Recycling and Waste Management Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2311","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9527999758720398,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.48818904161453247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.46556878089904785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4182227849960327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.35660070180892944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2927742004394531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.0840313732624054}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.48818904161453247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.46556878089904785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4182227849960327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.35660070180892944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2927742004394531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0840313732624054}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcs.2025.3584297","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcs.2025.3584297","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210176459","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society","issn_l":"2644-1268","issn":["2644-1268"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a570c69000784019bfe5a69084ff61d6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a570c69000784019bfe5a69084ff61d6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society, Vol 6, Pp 1041-1052 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcs.2025.3584297","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcs.2025.3584297","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210176459","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society","issn_l":"2644-1268","issn":["2644-1268"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1597628491","https://openalex.org/W2472105852","https://openalex.org/W2575204347","https://openalex.org/W2736729951","https://openalex.org/W2797761794","https://openalex.org/W2883406652","https://openalex.org/W2971587923","https://openalex.org/W3000161801","https://openalex.org/W3036105103","https://openalex.org/W3122270880","https://openalex.org/W3137498650","https://openalex.org/W3172768270","https://openalex.org/W3209110251","https://openalex.org/W4287322212","https://openalex.org/W4294051863","https://openalex.org/W4310459044","https://openalex.org/W4311525997","https://openalex.org/W4312822738","https://openalex.org/W4313909287","https://openalex.org/W4366352743","https://openalex.org/W6756002378","https://openalex.org/W6777126450","https://openalex.org/W6779915595","https://openalex.org/W6790926125","https://openalex.org/W6841799238","https://openalex.org/W6857237680"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W2366906938"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Waste":[0,166],"Printed":[1,167],"Circuit":[2,168],"Boards":[3],"(WPCBs)":[4],"contain":[5],"many":[6],"valuable":[7],"and":[8,15,24,80,87,114,190,202,252],"rare":[9],"metals":[10,23,193,224],"found":[11],"in":[12,73],"electronic":[13,99],"waste,":[14],"recycling":[16,44,199,254],"these":[17,22],"boards":[18],"can":[19,143,240],"help":[20,241],"recover":[21],"prevent":[25],"hazardous":[26,181],"elements":[27],"from":[28,198,217,235],"harming":[29],"the":[30,33,43,74,91,109,145,153,165,176,184,192,243],"environment.":[31],"However,":[32],"diverse":[34],"composition":[35,178,245],"of":[36,93,111,147,155,164,186,223],"PCBs":[37,213],"makes":[38],"it":[39],"challenging":[40],"to":[41,51,61,137,248],"automate":[42],"process,":[45],"which":[46,131,174,218],"should":[47],"ideally":[48],"be":[49,196,226],"tailored":[50],"each":[52,187],"PCB's":[53,177,244],"composition.":[54],"Computer":[55],"vision":[56],"is":[57,85],"a":[58,78,122,133,161,208],"possible":[59],"solution":[60],"evaluate":[62],"WPCBs,":[63],"but":[64],"most":[65,229],"state-of-the-art":[66],"models":[67,141],"depend":[68],"on":[69],"labeled":[70,82,149],"datasets":[71,150],"unavailable":[72],"WPCB":[75,83],"domain.":[76],"Building":[77],"large":[79],"fully":[81,148],"dataset":[84],"expensive":[86],"time-consuming.":[88],"In":[89],"addition,":[90],"presence":[92],"long-tailed":[94],"class":[95,156],"imbalance,":[96],"where":[97],"specific":[98],"components":[100],"are":[101],"significantly":[102],"more":[103,249],"prevalent":[104],"than":[105],"others,":[106],"further":[107],"complicates":[108],"development":[110],"accurate":[112],"detection":[113],"classification":[115],"models.":[116],"To":[117],"address":[118],"this,":[119],"we":[120,206,219],"propose":[121],"new":[123,162],"method":[124],"called":[125],"GEN":[126],"Self-Labeling":[127],"Electronic":[128],"Component":[129],"Detector,":[130],"utilizes":[132],"domain":[134],"adaptation":[135],"strategy":[136],"train":[138],"semi-supervised":[139],"teacher-student":[140],"that":[142,194,221],"handle":[144],"lack":[146],"while":[151],"mitigating":[152],"effects":[154],"imbalance.":[157],"We":[158],"also":[159],"introduce":[160],"version":[163],"Board":[169],"Economic":[170],"Feasibility":[171],"Assessment":[172],"(WPCB-EFAv2),":[173],"characterizes":[175],"by":[179],"identifying":[180],"components,":[182],"calculating":[183],"density":[185],"component":[188],"type,":[189],"estimating":[191],"could":[195,225],"recovered":[197,230],"electrolytic":[200,236],"capacitors":[201],"integrated":[203],"circuits.":[204],"Finally,":[205],"present":[207],"case":[209],"study":[210],"involving":[211],"six":[212],"with":[214],"different":[215],"characteristics,":[216],"estimated":[220],"121g":[222],"recovered.":[227],"The":[228],"metal":[231],"(108g)":[232],"was":[233],"aluminum":[234],"capacitors.":[237],"This":[238],"information":[239],"reduce":[242],"uncertainty,":[246],"leading":[247],"efficient":[250],"dismantling":[251],"cost-effective":[253],"processes.":[255]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
