{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411019474","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcs.2025.3576495","title":"Explainable AI for Lightweight Network Traffic Classification Using Depthwise Separable Convolutions","display_name":"Explainable AI for Lightweight Network Traffic Classification Using Depthwise Separable Convolutions","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411019474","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcs.2025.3576495"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcs.2025.3576495","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcs.2025.3576495","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210176459","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society","issn_l":"2644-1268","issn":["2644-1268"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcs.2025.3576495","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007631351","display_name":"Mustafa Ghaleb","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2842-6532"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mustafa Ghaleb","raw_affiliation_strings":["IRC for Intelligent Secure Systems, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IRC for Intelligent Secure Systems, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010803372","display_name":"Mosab Hamdan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1008-3028"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I104546213","display_name":"National College of Ireland","ror":"https://ror.org/02qzs9336","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I104546213"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mosab Hamdan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, National College of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, National College of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I104546213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023034502","display_name":"Abdulaziz Y. Barnawi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2364-6587"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdulaziz Y. Barnawi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045028935","display_name":"MARYAM HASSAN GAMBO","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Gambo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117541276","display_name":"Abubakar Danasabe","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abubakar Danasabe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017448029","display_name":"Saheed Ademola Bello","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5606-3383"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saheed Bello","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035640973","display_name":"Abdulrazaq G. Habib","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4219-8724"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aliyu Habib","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5007631351"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"],"apc_list":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"apc_paid":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"fwci":4.9698,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94751054,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":null,"first_page":"908","last_page":"920"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9789999723434448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9726999998092651,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/separable-space","display_name":"Separable space","score":0.6802993416786194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6476067304611206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-classification","display_name":"Traffic classification","score":0.5738363265991211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.452446848154068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3940891623497009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.22055864334106445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.21038568019866943}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70710897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q680081","display_name":"Separable space","level":2,"score":0.6802993416786194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6476067304611206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169988225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7832484","display_name":"Traffic classification","level":3,"score":0.5738363265991211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.452446848154068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3940891623497009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.22055864334106445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.21038568019866943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcs.2025.3576495","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcs.2025.3576495","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210176459","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society","issn_l":"2644-1268","issn":["2644-1268"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:b4c29272-1afe-4e0c-bd05-7b1db3b99c02","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://avesis.kocaeli.edu.tr/publication/details/b4c29272-1afe-4e0c-bd05-7b1db3b99c02/oai","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055291","display_name":"Kocaeli \u00dcniversitesi - AVES\u0130S","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d8d3502350f944ea89517d8870acbef6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d8d3502350f944ea89517d8870acbef6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society, Vol 6, Pp 908-920 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcs.2025.3576495","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcs.2025.3576495","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210176459","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society","issn_l":"2644-1268","issn":["2644-1268"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1849277567","https://openalex.org/W2098824882","https://openalex.org/W2101926813","https://openalex.org/W2516809705","https://openalex.org/W2531409750","https://openalex.org/W2604319603","https://openalex.org/W2743678626","https://openalex.org/W2750674396","https://openalex.org/W2794826941","https://openalex.org/W2810802870","https://openalex.org/W2888505697","https://openalex.org/W2891570868","https://openalex.org/W2895144199","https://openalex.org/W2898413119","https://openalex.org/W2912386632","https://openalex.org/W2915004662","https://openalex.org/W2919493784","https://openalex.org/W2963125010","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2963516518","https://openalex.org/W2964787841","https://openalex.org/W2980558733","https://openalex.org/W2981318525","https://openalex.org/W2982309555","https://openalex.org/W3029652632","https://openalex.org/W3036399259","https://openalex.org/W3045474099","https://openalex.org/W3097529015","https://openalex.org/W3105068857","https://openalex.org/W3109491787","https://openalex.org/W3187955212","https://openalex.org/W3190219082","https://openalex.org/W4210855568","https://openalex.org/W4220863835","https://openalex.org/W4250482878","https://openalex.org/W4288061885","https://openalex.org/W4310887948","https://openalex.org/W4315630248","https://openalex.org/W4362498913","https://openalex.org/W4387951116","https://openalex.org/W4388937453","https://openalex.org/W4389633720","https://openalex.org/W4391184072","https://openalex.org/W4399601112","https://openalex.org/W4403721651","https://openalex.org/W6632978964","https://openalex.org/W6734194636","https://openalex.org/W6736518430","https://openalex.org/W6737664043","https://openalex.org/W6737947904","https://openalex.org/W6756729068","https://openalex.org/W6766763711","https://openalex.org/W6767220907","https://openalex.org/W6773813882"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2009525028","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4321064619","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W2033914206","https://openalex.org/W2042327336"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,8,159,165,175,182,232,240,245],"rapid":[2],"growth":[3],"of":[4,11,93,131,155,234],"internet":[5],"usage":[6],"and":[7,30,40,55,63,100,119,126,149,161,178,218,228,242,256,263],"increasing":[9],"number":[10,92],"connected":[12],"devices,":[13],"there":[14],"is":[15],"a":[16,110,139],"critical":[17],"need":[18],"for":[19,81,201],"advanced":[20],"Network":[21],"Traffic":[22],"Classification":[23],"(NTC)":[24],"solutions":[25],"to":[26,45,71,75,89,96,169,192,220],"ensure":[27],"optimal":[28],"performance":[29,122],"robust":[31],"security.":[32],"Traditional":[33],"NTC":[34,82,112],"methods,":[35],"such":[36],"as":[37],"port-based":[38],"analysis":[39],"deep":[41],"packet":[42],"inspection,":[43],"struggle":[44],"cope":[46],"with":[47],"modern":[48],"network":[49],"complexities,":[50],"particularly":[51],"dynamic":[52],"port":[53],"allocation":[54],"encrypted":[56],"traffic.":[57],"Recently,":[58],"Convolutional":[59],"Neural":[60,65],"Networks":[61,66],"(CNN)":[62],"Recurrent":[64],"(RNN)":[67],"have":[68,210,265],"been":[69,266],"employed":[70],"develop":[72],"classification":[73],"models":[74,80],"accomplish":[76],"this":[77],"task.":[78],"Existing":[79],"often":[83],"require":[84],"significant":[85],"computational":[86,132,142],"resources":[87,264],"due":[88],"their":[90],"large":[91],"parameters,":[94],"leading":[95],"slower":[97],"inference":[98,153],"times":[99,154],"higher":[101],"memory":[102],"consumption.":[103],"To":[104,253],"overcome":[105],"these":[106],"limitations,":[107],"we":[108,209],"introduce":[109],"lightweight":[111,136,251],"model":[113,225],"based":[114],"on":[115,158,164],"Depthwise":[116],"Separable":[117],"Convolutions":[118],"compare":[120],"its":[121,250],"against":[123],"CNN,":[124],"RNN,":[125],"state-of-the-art":[127,193],"models.":[128,194],"In":[129,207],"terms":[130],"efficiency,":[133],"our":[134],"proposed":[135],"CNN":[137,183],"exhibits":[138],"markedly":[140],"reduced":[141],"footprint.":[143],"It":[144],"utilizes":[145],"only":[146],"30,611":[147],"parameters":[148],"0.627":[150],"MFLOPS,":[151],"achieving":[152],"1.49":[156],"seconds":[157,163],"CPU":[160],"0.43":[162],"GPU.":[166],"This":[167],"corresponds":[168],"roughly":[170],"4\u00d7":[171],"fewer":[172,180],"FLOPS":[173],"than":[174,181],"RNN":[176],"baseline":[177],"16\u00d7":[179],"baseline,":[184],"while":[185],"also":[186],"offering":[187],"an":[188],"ultracompact":[189],"design":[190],"compared":[191],"Such":[195],"efficiency":[196],"makes":[197],"it":[198],"exceptionally":[199],"well-suited":[200],"real-time":[202],"applications":[203],"in":[204,237,244],"resource-constrained":[205],"environments.":[206],"addition,":[208],"integrated":[211],"eXplainable":[212],"Artificial":[213],"Intelligence":[214],"techniques,":[215],"specifically":[216],"LIME":[217,227],"SHAP,":[219],"provide":[221],"valuable":[222],"insights":[223],"into":[224],"predictions.":[226],"SHAP":[229],"help":[230],"interpret":[231],"contribution":[233],"each":[235],"feature":[236],"decision-making,":[238],"enhancing":[239],"transparency":[241],"trust":[243],"model's":[246],"predictions,":[247],"without":[248],"compromising":[249],"nature.":[252],"support":[254],"reproducibility":[255],"foster":[257],"collaborative":[258],"development,":[259],"all":[260],"associated":[261],"code":[262],"made":[267],"publicly":[268],"available.":[269]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
