{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4407007798","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcs.2025.3536562","title":"An Efficient and Privacy-Preserving Federated Learning Approach Based on Homomorphic Encryption","display_name":"An Efficient and Privacy-Preserving Federated Learning Approach Based on Homomorphic Encryption","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4407007798","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcs.2025.3536562"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcs.2025.3536562","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcs.2025.3536562","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210176459","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society","issn_l":"2644-1268","issn":["2644-1268"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcs.2025.3536562","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048250822","display_name":"Francesco Castro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8579-8941"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5561750","display_name":"University of Bari Aldo Moro","ror":"https://ror.org/027ynra39","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5561750"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Castro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5561750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000811181","display_name":"Donato Impedovo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9285-2555"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5561750","display_name":"University of Bari Aldo Moro","ror":"https://ror.org/027ynra39","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5561750"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Donato Impedovo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5561750"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038436210","display_name":"Giuseppe Pirlo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7305-2210"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5561750","display_name":"University of Bari Aldo Moro","ror":"https://ror.org/027ynra39","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5561750"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giuseppe Pirlo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5561750"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048250822"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5561750"],"apc_list":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"apc_paid":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"fwci":14.141,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98409681,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":null,"first_page":"336","last_page":"347"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11612","display_name":"Stochastic Gradient Optimization Techniques","score":0.9836000204086304,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homomorphic-encryption","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","score":0.9779117703437805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7457804083824158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.6094610691070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.512607753276825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homomorphic-filtering","display_name":"Homomorphic filtering","score":0.4497810900211334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.42791423201560974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.20428422093391418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.10103115439414978}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158338273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154943","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","level":3,"score":0.9779117703437805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7457804083824158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.6094610691070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.512607753276825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56683213","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4143008","display_name":"Homomorphic filtering","level":4,"score":0.4497810900211334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.42791423201560974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.20428422093391418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.10103115439414978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017601658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q545981","display_name":"Image enhancement","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcs.2025.3536562","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcs.2025.3536562","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210176459","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society","issn_l":"2644-1268","issn":["2644-1268"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b9021dbd2e1044088b0ea9020fc0b8bc","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b9021dbd2e1044088b0ea9020fc0b8bc","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society, Vol 6, Pp 336-347 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcs.2025.3536562","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcs.2025.3536562","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210176459","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society","issn_l":"2644-1268","issn":["2644-1268"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331528","display_name":"Ministero dell'Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F7311471023","display_name":"NextGenerationEU","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2071825329","https://openalex.org/W2256409945","https://openalex.org/W2768174108","https://openalex.org/W2811266402","https://openalex.org/W2963378725","https://openalex.org/W2974429275","https://openalex.org/W2977797911","https://openalex.org/W3091870957","https://openalex.org/W3125786278","https://openalex.org/W3130968919","https://openalex.org/W3134610079","https://openalex.org/W3155286685","https://openalex.org/W3209696639","https://openalex.org/W3209752568","https://openalex.org/W4200451139","https://openalex.org/W4205843451","https://openalex.org/W4285114763","https://openalex.org/W4285196740","https://openalex.org/W4285235045","https://openalex.org/W4285506551","https://openalex.org/W4293155325","https://openalex.org/W4386263535","https://openalex.org/W4386275563","https://openalex.org/W4386608426","https://openalex.org/W4387490548","https://openalex.org/W4392544406","https://openalex.org/W4399006720","https://openalex.org/W4400527887","https://openalex.org/W6712714140","https://openalex.org/W6714210867","https://openalex.org/W6728757088","https://openalex.org/W6756756286","https://openalex.org/W6778434676","https://openalex.org/W6780438843","https://openalex.org/W6791444617","https://openalex.org/W6861987076"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2352447358","https://openalex.org/W4256445865","https://openalex.org/W4390622964","https://openalex.org/W3214383934","https://openalex.org/W3162771074","https://openalex.org/W4401886308","https://openalex.org/W2259754626","https://openalex.org/W2625655658","https://openalex.org/W4388855261","https://openalex.org/W2378709520"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Federated":[0],"Learning":[1,178],"(FL)":[2],"is":[3,96,154,194],"a":[4,105,185],"decentralized":[5],"and":[6,42,71,90,134,164,174,184,199,219,230,237,239,245,254],"collaborative":[7],"learning":[8,52],"approach":[9],"that":[10,23,103,190],"ensures":[11],"the":[12,24,113,116,127,131,135,141,147,191,207],"data":[13,26],"privacy":[14,48],"of":[15,27,36,115,143,228,235,243],"each":[16,28],"participant.":[17],"However,":[18],"recent":[19],"studies":[20],"have":[21,59],"shown":[22],"private":[25],"participant":[29],"can":[30],"be":[31],"obtained":[32],"from":[33],"shared":[34],"parameters":[35],"local":[37,117,144],"models":[38,118,180,183],"through":[39],"reversal":[40],"model":[41,217],"membership":[43],"inference":[44],"attacks":[45],"leading":[46],"to":[47,62,87,111,123,214,221,248],"leakage.":[49],"Privacy-preserving":[50],"federated":[51],"strategies":[53],"based":[54,97,251],"on":[55,98,157,252],"Homomorphic":[56,149],"Encryption":[57,150],"(PPFL-HE)":[58],"been":[60],"developed":[61],"solve":[63],"this":[64],"issue.":[65],"PPFL-HE":[66,85,204,249],"methods":[67,250],"require":[68],"high":[69],"communication":[70,89,136,198],"computational":[72,91,200],"overheads,":[73],"which":[74,153],"are":[75],"impractical":[76],"for":[77],"resource-limited":[78],"devices.":[79],"This":[80],"work":[81],"proposes":[82],"an":[83,99,222],"efficient":[84,156,196],"method":[86,95,129,193,209],"reduce":[88],"overheads.":[92],"The":[93,167],"proposed":[94,128,192,208],"innovative":[100],"quantization":[101,125,132],"process":[102],"introduces":[104],"dynamic":[106],"range":[107],"evaluation":[108],"layer-for-layer":[109],"(DREL)":[110],"encode":[112],"weights":[114,145],"into":[119],"long-signed":[120],"integers.":[121],"Compared":[122],"standard":[124],"approaches,":[126],"reduces":[130],"errors":[133],"overhead.":[137],"Moreover,":[138],"it":[139],"enables":[140],"encryption":[142,226],"with":[146,170],"Brakerski/Fan-Vercauteren":[148],"scheme":[151],"(BFV-HE),":[152],"highly":[155],"integers,":[158],"reducing":[159],"encryption,":[160],"aggregation,":[161],"decryption":[162,233],"time,":[163],"ciphertext":[165,241],"size.":[166],"experiments":[168],"conducted":[169],"five":[171],"popular":[172],"datasets":[173],"four":[175],"different":[176],"Machine":[177],"(ML)":[179],"(three":[181],"CNN":[182],"feedforward":[186],"neural":[187],"network)":[188],"show":[189],"more":[195],"in":[197,225,232,240],"overheads":[201],"than":[202],"other":[203],"methods.":[205],"Specifically,":[206],"requires":[210],"fewer":[211],"FL":[212],"rounds":[213],"achieve":[215],"global":[216],"convergence":[218],"leads":[220],"average":[223],"reduction":[224],"time":[227,234],"99.95%":[229],"73.79%,":[231],"99.90%":[236],"55.13%,":[238],"size":[242],"5.78%":[244],"75.17%":[246],"compared":[247],"Paillier":[253],"CKKS":[255],"schemes,":[256],"respectively.":[257]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}