{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404370737","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcs.2024.3497892","title":"GHOSTForge: A Scalable Consensus Mechanism for DAG-Based Blockchains","display_name":"GHOSTForge: A Scalable Consensus Mechanism for DAG-Based Blockchains","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404370737","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcs.2024.3497892"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcs.2024.3497892","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcs.2024.3497892","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210176459","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society","issn_l":"2644-1268","issn":["2644-1268"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcs.2024.3497892","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031576368","display_name":"Misbah Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2081-3063"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4394709116","display_name":"UNSW Canberra","ror":"https://ror.org/0125wpx05","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571","https://openalex.org/I4394709116"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40053085","display_name":"Australian Defence Force Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/02j5s7g39","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571","https://openalex.org/I40053085","https://openalex.org/I4394709116"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Misbah Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of New South Wales Canberra at the Australian Defence Force Academy, Canberra, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of New South Wales Canberra at the Australian Defence Force Academy, Canberra, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40053085","https://openalex.org/I4394709116"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045861660","display_name":"Shabnam Kasra Kermanshahi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7928-0636"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shabnam Kasra Kermanshahi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Systems and Computing, Canberra, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Systems and Computing, Canberra, Australia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075234257","display_name":"Jiankun Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0230-1432"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4394709116","display_name":"UNSW Canberra","ror":"https://ror.org/0125wpx05","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571","https://openalex.org/I4394709116"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40053085","display_name":"Australian Defence Force Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/02j5s7g39","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571","https://openalex.org/I40053085","https://openalex.org/I4394709116"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiankun Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of New South Wales Canberra at the Australian Defence Force Academy, Canberra, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of New South Wales Canberra at the Australian Defence Force Academy, Canberra, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40053085","https://openalex.org/I4394709116"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5031576368"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40053085","https://openalex.org/I4394709116"],"apc_list":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"apc_paid":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"fwci":1.6284,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88367629,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":null,"first_page":"736","last_page":"747"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9842000007629395,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9842000007629395,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6892104148864746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanism","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","score":0.6629908084869385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.587040364742279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.38921886682510376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.14813441038131714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.09334990382194519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.07180088758468628}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6892104148864746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6629908084869385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.587040364742279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.38921886682510376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.14813441038131714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.09334990382194519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.07180088758468628}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcs.2024.3497892","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcs.2024.3497892","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210176459","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society","issn_l":"2644-1268","issn":["2644-1268"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:cbc40d2a6cb449a983982a71aebbd9fd","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/cbc40d2a6cb449a983982a71aebbd9fd","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society, Vol 5, Pp 736-747 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcs.2024.3497892","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcs.2024.3497892","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210176459","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society","issn_l":"2644-1268","issn":["2644-1268"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2584364557","https://openalex.org/W2612180630","https://openalex.org/W2799891711","https://openalex.org/W2885871288","https://openalex.org/W2891076645","https://openalex.org/W2901929206","https://openalex.org/W2909246110","https://openalex.org/W2971709009","https://openalex.org/W2986418087","https://openalex.org/W2997255471","https://openalex.org/W3015450389","https://openalex.org/W3029410543","https://openalex.org/W3031507056","https://openalex.org/W3084482098","https://openalex.org/W3107628727","https://openalex.org/W3170362456","https://openalex.org/W3216073679","https://openalex.org/W4205442887","https://openalex.org/W4211068006","https://openalex.org/W4226341217","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W4295832461","https://openalex.org/W4312706594","https://openalex.org/W4367721799","https://openalex.org/W4387682185","https://openalex.org/W4399602169","https://openalex.org/W4399939174","https://openalex.org/W6733166632","https://openalex.org/W6750474138","https://openalex.org/W6754725390","https://openalex.org/W6756404136"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W1982914007","https://openalex.org/W2159583675","https://openalex.org/W1824242903","https://openalex.org/W1493858311","https://openalex.org/W2155470929","https://openalex.org/W2111125783","https://openalex.org/W2394465510"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Blockchain":[0],"scalability":[1],"has":[2],"long":[3],"been":[4],"a":[5,14,35,81,154],"critical":[6],"issue,":[7],"and":[8,58,64,86,93,128,148,156],"Directed":[9],"Acyclic":[10],"Graphs":[11],"(DAGs)":[12],"offer":[13],"promising":[15],"solution":[16,158],"by":[17,79],"enabling":[18],"higher":[19],"throughput.":[20],"However,":[21],"despite":[22],"their":[23],"scalability,":[24],"achieving":[25,144],"global":[26],"convergence":[27,127],"or":[28],"consensus":[29],"in":[30,73,143],"heterogeneous":[31,161],"DAG":[32,162],"networks":[33],"remains":[34],"significant":[36],"challenge.":[37],"This":[38,67],"work,":[39],"introduces":[40],"GHOSTForge,":[41],"building":[42],"on":[43],"the":[44,70,102],"Greedy":[45],"Heaviest-Observed":[46],"Sub-tree":[47],"(GHOST)":[48],"protocol":[49,68],"to":[50,119,131],"address":[51],"these":[52],"challenges.":[53],"GHOSTForge":[54,141],"incorporates":[55],"unique":[56],"coloring":[57,85],"scoring":[59,87],"mechanisms":[60],"alongside":[61],"stability":[62,99],"thresholds":[63,100],"order-locking":[65],"processes.":[66],"addresses":[69],"inefficiencies":[71],"found":[72],"existing":[74],"systems,":[75],"such":[76,133],"as":[77,134,153],"PHANTOM,":[78],"offering":[80],"more":[82],"proficient":[83],"two-level":[84],"method":[88],"that":[89,140],"eliminates":[90],"circular":[91],"dependencies":[92],"enhances":[94],"scalability.":[95],"The":[96],"use":[97],"of":[98,105],"enables":[101],"early":[103],"locking":[104],"block":[106,125],"orders,":[107],"reducing":[108],"computational":[109,146],"overhead":[110],"while":[111],"maintaining":[112],"robust":[113],"security.":[114],"GHOSTForge's":[115],"design":[116],"adapts":[117],"dynamically":[118],"varying":[120],"network":[121],"conditions,":[122],"ensuring":[123],"quick":[124],"order":[126],"strong":[129],"resistance":[130],"attacks,":[132],"double-spending.":[135],"Our":[136],"experimental":[137],"results":[138],"demonstrate":[139],"excels":[142],"both":[145],"efficiency":[147],"rapid":[149],"consensus,":[150],"positioning":[151],"it":[152],"powerful":[155],"scalable":[157],"for":[159],"decentralized,":[160],"networks.":[163]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-12-23T23:11:35.936235","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
