{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3120448834","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcs.2021.3051643","title":"A Hardware/Software Co-Design Methodology for Adaptive Approximate Computing in clustering and ANN Learning","display_name":"A Hardware/Software Co-Design Methodology for Adaptive Approximate Computing in clustering and ANN Learning","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3120448834","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcs.2021.3051643","mag":"3120448834"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcs.2021.3051643","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcs.2021.3051643","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8782664/9349230/09324944.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210176459","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society","issn_l":"2644-1268","issn":["2644-1268"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8782664/9349230/09324944.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038566545","display_name":"Pengfei Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5602-1730"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengfei Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055800000","display_name":"Chenghua Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8415-0548"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenghua Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023734605","display_name":"Weiqiang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8398-8648"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weiqiang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8398-8648","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063901096","display_name":"Fei Qiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5054-9590"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fei Qiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5054-9590","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001979328","display_name":"Fabrizio Lombardi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3152-3245"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111088046","display_name":"Boston University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qwgg493","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fabrizio Lombardi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3152-3245","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129","https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"apc_paid":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"fwci":0.8851,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72173014,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":null,"first_page":"38","last_page":"52"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/datapath","display_name":"Datapath","score":0.764663815498352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7493287324905396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operand","display_name":"Operand","score":0.6554439067840576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/design-space-exploration","display_name":"Design space exploration","score":0.57936692237854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.5309982299804688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5114730596542358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.4821071922779083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.4581197500228882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.42907142639160156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.3716440498828888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.28549373149871826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.27312904596328735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.2647857069969177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.26329243183135986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.20328757166862488}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781198647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1633673","display_name":"Datapath","level":2,"score":0.764663815498352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7493287324905396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55526617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q719375","display_name":"Operand","level":2,"score":0.6554439067840576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776221188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21072556","display_name":"Design space exploration","level":2,"score":0.57936692237854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.5309982299804688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5114730596542358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.4821071922779083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.4581197500228882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.42907142639160156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.3716440498828888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.28549373149871826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.27312904596328735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.2647857069969177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.26329243183135986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.20328757166862488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcs.2021.3051643","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcs.2021.3051643","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8782664/9349230/09324944.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210176459","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society","issn_l":"2644-1268","issn":["2644-1268"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:36144ffcb0fd42bcba0d6d23ee54b48a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/36144ffcb0fd42bcba0d6d23ee54b48a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society, Vol 2, Pp 38-52 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcs.2021.3051643","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcs.2021.3051643","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/8782664/9349230/09324944.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210176459","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society","issn_l":"2644-1268","issn":["2644-1268"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8899999856948853}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4070429046","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62022041","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5952267281","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u6df1\u5ea6\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u9006\u5408\u6210\u5b54\u5f84\u96f7\u8fbe\u6210\u50cf\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61871217","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3120448834.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3120448834.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2006312753","https://openalex.org/W2023025532","https://openalex.org/W2026005150","https://openalex.org/W2045294186","https://openalex.org/W2103496339","https://openalex.org/W2119018277","https://openalex.org/W2124651102","https://openalex.org/W2240679135","https://openalex.org/W2265166184","https://openalex.org/W2418046303","https://openalex.org/W2469490737","https://openalex.org/W2507105555","https://openalex.org/W2518628311","https://openalex.org/W2589986623","https://openalex.org/W2598305263","https://openalex.org/W2613574453","https://openalex.org/W2738309652","https://openalex.org/W2759259332","https://openalex.org/W2770370002","https://openalex.org/W2885864602","https://openalex.org/W2887669960","https://openalex.org/W2903046887","https://openalex.org/W2905996924","https://openalex.org/W2908518198","https://openalex.org/W2945727575","https://openalex.org/W2946711010","https://openalex.org/W2948850835","https://openalex.org/W2954748826","https://openalex.org/W2964228333","https://openalex.org/W2980235527","https://openalex.org/W2996999863","https://openalex.org/W3009178428","https://openalex.org/W3009570900","https://openalex.org/W3018565930","https://openalex.org/W3103169341","https://openalex.org/W3120740533","https://openalex.org/W3147234326","https://openalex.org/W6651700774","https://openalex.org/W6656029087","https://openalex.org/W6717052788","https://openalex.org/W6720242923","https://openalex.org/W6734062232","https://openalex.org/W6735224842","https://openalex.org/W6741680719","https://openalex.org/W6762852574"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1573517015","https://openalex.org/W2008844697","https://openalex.org/W2150733028","https://openalex.org/W2186297658","https://openalex.org/W1580556151","https://openalex.org/W2144463068","https://openalex.org/W2185915791","https://openalex.org/W2129565950","https://openalex.org/W37969803","https://openalex.org/W2120705320"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"one":[1],"of":[2,32,120,135,178,185,191],"the":[3,35,125,136,150,155,163,168,189,192],"most":[4],"promising":[5],"energy-efficient":[6],"emerging":[7],"paradigms":[8],"for":[9,38,111],"designing":[10],"digital":[11],"systems,":[12],"approximate":[13,25,62,81,113,126],"computing":[14,26,114],"has":[15,55],"attracted":[16],"a":[17,73,86,101,107,160,175,182],"significant":[18],"attention":[19],"in":[20,34,78,85,132,139,173],"recent":[21],"years.":[22],"Applications":[23],"utilizing":[24],"(AxC)":[27],"can":[28,83],"tolerate":[29],"some":[30],"loss":[31,177],"quality":[33],"computed":[36],"results":[37],"attaining":[39],"high":[40],"performance.":[41],"Approximate":[42],"arithmetic":[43,63],"circuits":[44,64],"have":[45],"been":[46,57],"extensively":[47,58],"studied;":[48],"however,":[49],"their":[50],"application":[51],"at":[52,67,128],"system":[53,68],"level":[54],"not":[56],"pursued.":[59],"Furthermore,":[60],"when":[61],"are":[65],"applied":[66],"level,":[69],"error-accumulation":[70],"effects":[71],"and":[72,154,181],"convergence":[74],"problem":[75],"may":[76],"occur":[77],"computation.":[79],"Multiple":[80],"components":[82],"interact":[84],"typical":[87],"datapath,":[88],"hence":[89],"benefiting":[90],"from":[91],"each":[92,133],"other.":[93],"Many":[94],"applications":[95],"require":[96],"more":[97],"complex":[98],"datapaths":[99],"than":[100],"single":[102],"multiplication.":[103],"In":[104],"this":[105],"paper,":[106],"hardware/software":[108],"co-design":[109],"methodology":[110,147],"adaptive":[112,146],"is":[115],"proposed.":[116],"It":[117],"makes":[118],"use":[119],"feature":[121],"constraints":[122],"to":[123],"guide":[124],"computation":[127],"various":[129],"accuracy":[130],"levels":[131],"iteration":[134],"learning":[137],"process":[138],"Artificial":[140],"Neural":[141],"Networks":[142],"(ANNs).":[143],"The":[144],"proposed":[145,164,193],"also":[148],"considers":[149],"input":[151],"operand":[152],"distribution":[153],"hybrid":[156],"approximation.":[157],"Compared":[158],"with":[159],"baseline":[161],"design,":[162],"method":[165],"significantly":[166],"reduces":[167],"power-delay":[169],"product":[170],"while":[171],"incurring":[172],"only":[174],"small":[176],"accuracy.":[179],"Simulation":[180],"case":[183],"study":[184],"image":[186],"segmentation":[187],"validate":[188],"effectiveness":[190],"methodology.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
