{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7168385590","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3713608","title":"Empirical Comparison of Full and Split gNB Architectures in 5G NTN Based on a Laboratory Testbed","display_name":"Empirical Comparison of Full and Split gNB Architectures in 5G NTN Based on a Laboratory Testbed","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7168385590","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3713608"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3713608","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3713608","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3713608","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5140847637","display_name":"Oscar Baselga","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5583-4083"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2803087260","display_name":"Space Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/029hj0c48","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2803087260"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oscar Baselga","raw_affiliation_strings":["Space Communications Research Group, i2CAT Foundation"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5583-4083","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Space Communications Research Group, i2CAT Foundation","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2803087260"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5140941957","display_name":"Anna Calveras","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6371-8595"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9617848","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya","ror":"https://ror.org/03mb6wj31","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anna Calveras","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitat Polit\u00e9cnica de Catalunya\u2014BarcelonaTech (UPC)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6371-8595","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitat Polit\u00e9cnica de Catalunya\u2014BarcelonaTech (UPC)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5140901783","display_name":"Joan A. Ruiz-De-Azua","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5892-3404"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2803087260","display_name":"Space Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/029hj0c48","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2803087260"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joan A. Ruiz-de-Azua","raw_affiliation_strings":["Space Communications Research Group, i2CAT Foundation"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5892-3404","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Space Communications Research Group, i2CAT Foundation","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2803087260"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"apc_paid":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8918755,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"8334","last_page":"8346"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.14970000088214874,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.14970000088214874,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.14350000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.1039000004529953,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/testbed","display_name":"Testbed","score":0.5134999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/window","display_name":"Window (computing)","score":0.2660999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.2556000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.25209999084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/component","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","score":0.250900000333786}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6344000101089478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31395832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318674","display_name":"Testbed","level":2,"score":0.5134999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3407999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.29589998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778751112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q835016","display_name":"Window (computing)","level":2,"score":0.2660999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2556000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.25209999084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.250900000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2298000007867813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.22679999470710754}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3713608","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3713608","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:aa488629886e4af68d9f91be9115a99b","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/aa488629886e4af68d9f91be9115a99b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, Vol 7, Pp 8334-8346 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3713608","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3713608","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.454243540763855,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ubiquitous":[0],"connectivity":[1],"remains":[2],"a":[3,34,66,73,254],"primary":[4],"focus":[5],"for":[6,284],"3GPP,":[7],"driving":[8],"the":[9,22,44,49,83,89,105,113,118,124,130,142,169,174,179,186,221,225,236,250,263],"development":[10],"of":[11,117,200,239,265,271,291],"5G":[12],"Non-Terrestrial":[13],"Networks":[14],"(NTN)":[15],"to":[16,139,185,262],"integrate":[17],"regenerative":[18],"satellites":[19],"directly":[20],"into":[21],"network.":[23],"To":[24],"this":[25,70,102,247],"end,":[26],"3GPP":[27],"proposes":[28],"two":[29],"on-board":[30,90],"architectural":[31],"approaches:":[32],"hosting":[33,42],"monolithic":[35,125],"Next":[36],"Generation":[37],"Node":[38],"B":[39],"(gNB)":[40],"or":[41],"only":[43],"Distributed":[45],"Unit":[46],"(DU),":[47],"following":[48],"functional":[50,240,257],"split":[51,120,131,226,241],"architecture.":[52],"The":[53,194,278],"technical":[54],"trade-off":[55],"between":[56],"both":[57],"architectures":[58],"has":[59],"already":[60],"been":[61],"addressed":[62],"in":[63,141,153,163,178,243],"literature":[64],"from":[65],"theoretical":[67],"perspective,":[68],"but":[69],"work":[71,248],"goes":[72],"step":[74],"further":[75],"by":[76,151,161,252],"providing":[77],"an":[78,95],"empirical":[79,279],"analysis,":[80],"specifically":[81],"examining":[82],"3GPP-induced":[84],"feeder":[85,114,135],"link":[86,115,136],"overhead":[87,150],"and":[88,107,190,209,275,288],"resource":[91],"utilization.":[92],"By":[93],"deploying":[94],"experimental":[96],"testbed":[97],"based":[98],"on":[99,256],"OpenAirInterface":[100],"(OAI),":[101],"study":[103],"profiles":[104],"CPU":[106,170],"memory":[108,195],"footprints":[109],"as":[110,112,220],"well":[111],"performance":[116,137],"3GPP-standardized":[119],"option":[121],"2":[122],"against":[123],"gNB.":[126],"Results":[127],"demonstrate":[128],"that":[129,173],"architecture":[132,228],"yields":[133],"asymmetric":[134],"due":[138,184],"variations":[140],"GPRS":[143],"Tunnelling":[144],"Protocol":[145],"(GTP)":[146],"header,":[147],"reducing":[148],"IP-level":[149],"11%":[152],"Mobile":[154,164],"Originated":[155],"(MO)":[156],"traffic":[157],"while":[158],"increasing":[159],"it":[160],"16%":[162],"Terminated":[165],"(MT)":[166],"traffic.":[167],"Furthermore,":[168],"profiling":[171,196],"reveals":[172],"computational":[175],"bottleneck":[176],"resides":[177],"Physical":[180],"(PHY)":[181],"layer,":[182],"particularly":[183],"DFT/IDFT,":[187],"LDPC":[188],"decoder,":[189],"RX/TX":[191],"pipeline":[192],"processing.":[193],"identifies":[197],"buffering":[198],"mechanisms":[199],"Radio":[201,206],"Link":[202],"Control":[203,212],"(RLC)":[204],"Data":[205],"Bearers":[207],"(DRBs)":[208],"Media":[210],"Access":[211],"(MAC)":[213],"Hybrid":[214],"Automatic":[215],"Repeat":[216],"Request":[217],"(HARQ)":[218],"processes":[219],"main":[222],"consumers.":[223],"Consequently,":[224],"gNB":[227],"does":[229],"not":[230],"reduce":[231],"satellite":[232,285],"hardware":[233,286],"utilization,":[234],"breaking":[235],"preliminary":[237],"perception":[238],"benefits":[242],"embedded":[244],"systems.":[245,294],"However,":[246],"expands":[249],"discussion":[251],"offering":[253],"perspective":[255],"network":[258,289],"management,":[259],"which":[260],"leads":[261],"identification":[264],"potential":[266],"security":[267],"enhancements,":[268],"geographic-based":[269],"Quality":[270],"Service":[272],"(QoS)":[273],"strategies,":[274],"handover":[276],"optimizations.":[277],"findings":[280],"provide":[281],"validated":[282],"guidelines":[283],"dimensioning":[287],"design":[290],"future":[292],"6G":[293]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-26T07:53:14.480251","created_date":"2026-07-16T00:00:00"}
