{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7167893578","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3710911","title":"Decentralized MARL for SDN Ground Station Cluster Selection in LEO Constellations Under Stochastic Weather","display_name":"Decentralized MARL for SDN Ground Station Cluster Selection in LEO Constellations Under Stochastic Weather","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7167893578","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3710911"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3710911","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3710911","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3710911","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119702457","display_name":"Wafa Hasanain","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67031392","display_name":"Carleton University","ror":"https://ror.org/02qtvee93","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wafa Hasanain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN) Laboratory, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5677-6164","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN) Laboratory, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031505023","display_name":"Pablo G. Madoery","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0228-2390"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67031392","display_name":"Carleton University","ror":"https://ror.org/02qtvee93","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pablo G. Madoery","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN) Laboratory, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0228-2390","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN) Laboratory, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035446029","display_name":"Halim Yan\u0131k\u00f6mero\u011flu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4776-9354"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67031392","display_name":"Carleton University","ror":"https://ror.org/02qtvee93","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Halim Yanikomeroglu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN) Laboratory, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4776-9354","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN) Laboratory, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022600471","display_name":"G\u00fcne\u015f Karabulut Kurt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7188-2619"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45683168","display_name":"Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al","ror":"https://ror.org/05f8d4e86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G\u00fcne\u015f Karabulut Kurt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Poly-Grames Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7188-2619","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Poly-Grames Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5140430056","display_name":"Sameera Siddiqui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3425-8383"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1297460800","display_name":"Defence Research and Development Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/00hgy8d33","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1297460800","https://openalex.org/I1336338359","https://openalex.org/I2802286613"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sameera Siddiqui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Defence Research and Development Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3425-8383","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Defence Research and Development Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297460800"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048471646","display_name":"St\u00e9phane Martel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8499-2336"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"St\u00e9phane Martel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Satellite Systems, MDA, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8499-2336","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Satellite Systems, MDA, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"apc_paid":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94016847,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"7770","last_page":"7789"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.760200023651123,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.760200023651123,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.027300000190734863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11896","display_name":"Opportunistic and Delay-Tolerant Networks","score":0.02500000037252903,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constellation","display_name":"Constellation","score":0.6916000247001648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.6097999811172485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster","display_name":"Cluster (spacecraft)","score":0.515500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-constellation","display_name":"Satellite constellation","score":0.33230000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.29350000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weather-forecasting","display_name":"Weather forecasting","score":0.2736000120639801}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70352696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8928","display_name":"Constellation","level":2,"score":0.6916000247001648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.6097999811172485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5946999788284302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164866538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367351","display_name":"Cluster (spacecraft)","level":2,"score":0.515500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779784338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q967145","display_name":"Satellite constellation","level":3,"score":0.33230000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3246999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.3142000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.29350000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.29249998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.28189998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21001229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182868","display_name":"Weather forecasting","level":2,"score":0.2736000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8272713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176737","display_name":"Stochastic process","level":2,"score":0.2667999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31243852","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1666739","display_name":"Stochastic geometry","level":2,"score":0.2632000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.2632000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.260699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2603999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2587999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.2533999979496002}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3710911","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3710911","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:fa57916540374b70b512d9bf0a606cca","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/fa57916540374b70b512d9bf0a606cca","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, Vol 7, Pp 7770-7789 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3710911","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3710911","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7463037967681885,"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313286","display_name":"Defence Research and Development Canada","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322675","display_name":"Mitacs","ror":"https://ror.org/00cjrc276"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334601","display_name":"National Research Council Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/04mte1k06"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Low":[0],"Earth":[1],"Orbit":[2],"(LEO)":[3],"satellite":[4,105,172],"constellations":[5],"enable":[6],"global":[7],"low-latency":[8],"connectivity":[9],"but":[10],"face":[11],"challenges":[12],"due":[13],"to":[14,69,151],"weather-dependent":[15],"link":[16],"variability,":[17],"orbital":[18],"dynamics,":[19],"and":[20,44,61,64,126,145,166],"heterogeneous":[21],"ground":[22,38],"infrastructure.":[23],"In":[24],"this":[25,80],"paper,":[26],"we":[27,87],"propose":[28],"a":[29,45,51,89],"hybrid":[30],"LEO-terrestrial":[31],"architecture":[32],"that":[33,54,135],"integrates":[34],"Software-Defined":[35],"Networking":[36],"(SDN)":[37],"station":[39],"clusters":[40],"with":[41,116],"repeater-assisted":[42],"reception":[43],"structured":[46],"fallback":[47,148],"mechanism.":[48],"We":[49],"develop":[50],"stochastic":[52],"model":[53,125],"captures":[55],"weather-driven":[56],"reliability,":[57],"correlated":[58],"repeater":[59],"behavior,":[60],"multi-path":[62],"reception,":[63],"formulate":[65],"an":[66],"optimization":[67],"problem":[68,81],"minimize":[70],"the":[71,77,117,124,136,140,157,160],"expected":[72],"communication":[73],"delay.":[74],"To":[75],"address":[76],"intractability":[78],"of":[79,159],"in":[82,163,169],"large-scale,":[83],"partially":[84],"observable":[85],"environments,":[86],"design":[88],"fully":[90],"decentralized":[91],"Multi-Agent":[92],"Reinforcement":[93],"Learning":[94],"(MARL)":[95],"framework":[96,162],"based":[97],"on":[98],"Proximal":[99],"Policy":[100],"Optimization":[101],"(PPO),":[102],"where":[103],"each":[104],"makes":[106],"decisions":[107],"using":[108],"only":[109],"local":[110],"observations.":[111],"The":[112],"reward":[113],"is":[114],"aligned":[115],"analytical":[118],"delay":[119,142],"objective,":[120],"ensuring":[121],"consistency":[122],"between":[123],"learned":[127],"policies.":[128],"Simulation":[129],"results":[130,155],"across":[131],"diverse":[132],"scenarios":[133],"demonstrate":[134],"proposed":[137,161],"approach":[138],"reduces":[139],"mean":[141],"by":[143],"40-60%":[144],"significantly":[146],"decreases":[147],"usage":[149],"compared":[150],"baseline":[152],"methods.":[153],"These":[154],"highlight":[156],"effectiveness":[158],"enabling":[164],"adaptive":[165],"delay-efficient":[167],"control":[168],"next-generation":[170],"LEO":[171],"systems.":[173]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-20T07:56:41.581041","created_date":"2026-07-11T00:00:00"}