{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391231557","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3699489","title":"Optical Wireless Communications: Illuminating the Path for Cooper\u2019s Law","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communications: Illuminating the Path for Cooper\u2019s Law","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391231557","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3699489"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3699489","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3699489","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3699489","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036124775","display_name":"Mahmoud Wafik Eltokhey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1394-6976"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahmoud Wafik Eltokhey","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Oxford"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1394-6976","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oxford","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014576668","display_name":"Muhammad Salman Bashir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6431-7408"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133837150","display_name":"University of Huddersfield","ror":"https://ror.org/05t1h8f27","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133837150"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Salman Bashir","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Huddersfield"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6431-7408","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Huddersfield","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133837150"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022866169","display_name":"Othman Isam Younus","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2015-1175"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096386","display_name":"Bridge University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cbm0437","country_code":"SS","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096386"]}],"countries":["GB","SS"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Othman Isam Younus","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cambridge University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2015-1175","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cambridge University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749","https://openalex.org/I4210096386"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009712820","display_name":"Zabih Ghassemlooy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5780-9703"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32394136","display_name":"Northumbria University","ror":"https://ror.org/049e6bc10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zabih Ghassemlooy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northumbria University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5780-9703","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northumbria University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074320996","display_name":"Harald Haas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9705-2701"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096386","display_name":"Bridge University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cbm0437","country_code":"SS","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096386"]}],"countries":["GB","SS"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Harald Haas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cambridge University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9705-2701","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cambridge University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749","https://openalex.org/I4210096386"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061744244","display_name":"George K. Karagiannidis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8810-0345"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21370196","display_name":"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki","ror":"https://ror.org/02j61yw88","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21370196"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"George K. Karagiannidis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aristotle University of Thessaloniki"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8810-0345","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21370196"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077268716","display_name":"Shivani Rajendra Teli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2122-6354"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44504214","display_name":"Czech Technical University in Prague","ror":"https://ror.org/03kqpb082","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44504214"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shivani Rajendra Teli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Czech Technical University in Prague"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2122-6354","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Czech Technical University in Prague","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44504214"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078401803","display_name":"Stanislav Zv\u00e1novec","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7902-2143"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44504214","display_name":"Czech Technical University in Prague","ror":"https://ror.org/03kqpb082","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44504214"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stanislav Zvanovec","raw_affiliation_strings":["Czech Technical University in Prague"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7902-2143","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Czech Technical University in Prague","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44504214"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065893843","display_name":"Mohammad\u2010Ali Khalighi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0522-6688"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21491767","display_name":"Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/035xkbk20","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21491767"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad-Ali Khalighi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aix-Marseille University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0522-6688","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aix-Marseille University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21491767"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049597559","display_name":"Zhenyu Charlus Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98251732","display_name":"McMaster University","ror":"https://ror.org/02fa3aq29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98251732"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenyu Charlus Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["McMaster University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0940-9294","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"McMaster University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98251732"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091612000","display_name":"Steve Hranilovic","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0308-2489"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98251732","display_name":"McMaster University","ror":"https://ror.org/02fa3aq29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98251732"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steve Hranilovic","raw_affiliation_strings":["McMaster University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0308-2489","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"McMaster University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98251732"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080067300","display_name":"Ma\u00eft\u00e9 Brandt-Pearce","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2566-8280"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maite Brandt-Pearce","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Virginia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2566-8280","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Virginia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057555047","display_name":"Jean\u2010Paul M. G. Linnartz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6098-4043"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83019370","display_name":"Eindhoven University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02c2kyt77","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jean-Paul Linnartz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Eindhoven University of Technology"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6098-4043","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Eindhoven University of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83019370"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047207091","display_name":"Abderrahmen Trichili","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8005-6319"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abderrahmen Trichili","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Oxford"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8005-6319","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oxford","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006382091","display_name":"Hyunchae Chun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3907-4862"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146429904","display_name":"Incheon National University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xf7p935","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146429904"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyunchae Chun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Incheon National University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3907-4862","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Incheon National University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146429904"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053459127","display_name":"Dominic O\u2019Brien","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7185-0676"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dominic O'Brien","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Oxford"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7185-0676","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oxford","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018973008","display_name":"Murat Uysal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5945-0813"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Murat Uysal","raw_affiliation_strings":["New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5945-0813","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jian Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6066-9510"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6066-9510","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Murat Yuksel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0387-7038"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106165777","display_name":"University of Central Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/036nfer12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Murat Yuksel","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Central Florida"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0387-7038","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Central Florida","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Hany Elgala","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7098-9278"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I392282","display_name":"University at Albany, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/012zs8222","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I392282"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hany Elgala","raw_affiliation_strings":["University at Albany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7098-9278","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University at Albany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I392282"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zhengyuan Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9075-8875"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhengyuan Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Science and Technology of China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9075-8875","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Science and Technology of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Nan Chi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4966-3844"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nan Chi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fudan University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4966-3844","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fudan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Takaya Yamazato","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5256-4965"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60134161","display_name":"Nagoya University","ror":"https://ror.org/04chrp450","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60134161"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Takaya Yamazato","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nagoya University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5256-4965","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nagoya University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60134161"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Chi-Wai Chow","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7488-2611"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148366613","display_name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00se2k293","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chi-Wai Chow","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7488-2611","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Boon S. Ooi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9606-5578"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Boon S. Ooi","raw_affiliation_strings":["King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9606-5578","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083193286","display_name":"Mohamed\u2010Slim Alouini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4827-1793"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed-Slim Alouini","raw_affiliation_strings":["King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4827-1793","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":13,"institutions_distinct_count":21,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"apc_paid":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.00069489,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"7846","last_page":"7880"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11429","display_name":"Semiconductor Lasers and Optical Devices","score":0.991599977016449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":0.970300018787384,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.5699837803840637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.5424900054931641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/path","display_name":"Path (computing)","score":0.5234788656234741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.39540067315101624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3460814654827118}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.5699837803840637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.5424900054931641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765","display_name":"Path (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5234788656234741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.39540067315101624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3460814654827118}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3699489","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3699489","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.36227/techrxiv.170620142.21301431/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.170620142.21301431/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.techrxiv.org/doi/pdf/10.36227/techrxiv.170620142.21301431","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Authorea, Inc.","raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire/5f72e8ec-29ad-43ce-97f1-d8c888e8d5a4","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.hud.ac.uk/en/publications/5f72e8ec-29ad-43ce-97f1-d8c888e8d5a4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402508","display_name":"Huddersfield Research Portal (University of Huddersfield)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I133837150","host_organization_name":"University of Huddersfield","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133837150"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Eltokhey, M, Bashir, S, Younus, O, Ghassemlooy, Z, Haas, H, Karagiannidis, G, Teli, S, Zvanovec, S, Khalighi, M-A, Zhang, Z, Hranilovic, S, Brandt-Pearce, M, Linnartz, J-P, Trichili, A, Chun, H, O\u2019Brien, D, Uysal, M, Song, J, Yuksel, M, Elgala, H, Xu, Z, Chi, N, Yamazato, T, Chow, C-W, Ooi, B & Alouini, M-S 2026, 'Optical Wireless Communications : Illuminating the Path for Cooper\u2019s Law', IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society. https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2026.3699489","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3699489","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3699489","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6299999952316284,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1566636077","display_name":"Platform Driving The Ultimate Connectivity","funder_award_id":"EP/X04047X/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3589673515","display_name":"TITAN Extension","funder_award_id":"EP/Y037243/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":373,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W50836794","https://openalex.org/W398112463","https://openalex.org/W1508203843","https://openalex.org/W1532155590","https://openalex.org/W1539651955","https://openalex.org/W1556909464","https://openalex.org/W1591642208","https://openalex.org/W1594402527","https://openalex.org/W1651387680","https://openalex.org/W1959207535","https://openalex.org/W1961845250","https://openalex.org/W1963827421","https://openalex.org/W1966784816","https://openalex.org/W1968720664","https://openalex.org/W1969427653","https://openalex.org/W1971882195","https://openalex.org/W1975958493","https://openalex.org/W1976194699","https://openalex.org/W1979351038","https://openalex.org/W1982892759","https://openalex.org/W1983974479","https://openalex.org/W1985914393","https://openalex.org/W1987560973","https://openalex.org/W1988183035","https://openalex.org/W1990497545","https://openalex.org/W1992256855","https://openalex.org/W1994602472","https://openalex.org/W1998295021","https://openalex.org/W1998627889","https://openalex.org/W1999629859","https://openalex.org/W2002128215","https://openalex.org/W2009229710","https://openalex.org/W2009440399","https://openalex.org/W2016311027","https://openalex.org/W2026968466","https://openalex.org/W2031003059","https://openalex.org/W2036451126","https://openalex.org/W2037433664","https://openalex.org/W2038260050","https://openalex.org/W2039183034","https://openalex.org/W2040610366","https://openalex.org/W2041909037","https://openalex.org/W2046672513","https://openalex.org/W2050304483","https://openalex.org/W2057278205","https://openalex.org/W2059126643","https://openalex.org/W2060741156","https://openalex.org/W2063273637","https://openalex.org/W2063874488","https://openalex.org/W2064555066","https://openalex.org/W2064883154","https://openalex.org/W2069091451","https://openalex.org/W2073645893","https://openalex.org/W2073681605","https://openalex.org/W2080972299","https://openalex.org/W2082366820","https://openalex.org/W2088646181","https://openalex.org/W2097480037","https://openalex.org/W2100181015","https://openalex.org/W2100303002","https://openalex.org/W2103290760","https://openalex.org/W2104856264","https://openalex.org/W2105935781","https://openalex.org/W2109477130","https://openalex.org/W2109504285","https://openalex.org/W2111185658","https://openalex.org/W2111854329","https://openalex.org/W2114791139","https://openalex.org/W2118431045","https://openalex.org/W2119759398","https://openalex.org/W2120537910","https://openalex.org/W2123616134","https://openalex.org/W2124496513","https://openalex.org/W2126753164","https://openalex.org/W2127653674","https://openalex.org/W2130994853","https://openalex.org/W2133211568","https://openalex.org/W2134754624","https://openalex.org/W2135238665","https://openalex.org/W2137129808","https://openalex.org/W2139642610","https://openalex.org/W2139780938","https://openalex.org/W2141943392","https://openalex.org/W2143544124","https://openalex.org/W2144157210","https://openalex.org/W2144644352","https://openalex.org/W2145073939","https://openalex.org/W2147043913","https://openalex.org/W2152981342","https://openalex.org/W2154450235","https://openalex.org/W2154841294","https://openalex.org/W2156677078","https://openalex.org/W2161030015","https://openalex.org/W2163670414","https://openalex.org/W2164962185","https://openalex.org/W2165589359","https://openalex.org/W2167590781","https://openalex.org/W2171300804","https://openalex.org/W2187603890","https://openalex.org/W2204043843","https://openalex.org/W2272996903","https://openalex.org/W2289141984","https://openalex.org/W2296307405","https://openalex.org/W2320852351","https://openalex.org/W2330443226","https://openalex.org/W2332677225","https://openalex.org/W2336491352","https://openalex.org/W2337190617","https://openalex.org/W2340306557","https://openalex.org/W2343948877","https://openalex.org/W2413950147","https://openalex.org/W2472038796","https://openalex.org/W2511038469","https://openalex.org/W2523122228","https://openalex.org/W2530869468","https://openalex.org/W2531938265","https://openalex.org/W2540432701","https://openalex.org/W2578555287","https://openalex.org/W2578610239","https://openalex.org/W2583092542","https://openalex.org/W2587227857","https://openalex.org/W2591771933","https://openalex.org/W2607000399","https://openalex.org/W2619151842","https://openalex.org/W2620446694","https://openalex.org/W2625885472","https://openalex.org/W2728773139","https://openalex.org/W2729481589","https://openalex.org/W2734918664","https://openalex.org/W2744332584","https://openalex.org/W2749204439","https://openalex.org/W2749750670","https://openalex.org/W2750847399","https://openalex.org/W2754877220","https://openalex.org/W2761112583","https://openalex.org/W2762660266","https://openalex.org/W2766070188","https://openalex.org/W2778252983","https://openalex.org/W2783159008","https://openalex.org/W2784210264","https://openalex.org/W2786664834","https://openalex.org/W2789361148","https://openalex.org/W2790571940","https://openalex.org/W2790755095","https://openalex.org/W2790962380","https://openalex.org/W2791124749","https://openalex.org/W2791537495","https://openalex.org/W2792445486","https://openalex.org/W2792477041","https://openalex.org/W2792559649","https://openalex.org/W2793056662","https://openalex.org/W2795450439","https://openalex.org/W2799350285","https://openalex.org/W2802065375","https://openalex.org/W2804071591","https://openalex.org/W2804961103","https://openalex.org/W2808187201","https://openalex.org/W2808419762","https://openalex.org/W2809052701","https://openalex.org/W2809278198","https://openalex.org/W2884472341","https://openalex.org/W2885696331","https://openalex.org/W2886208447","https://openalex.org/W2888845466","https://openalex.org/W2889934402","https://openalex.org/W2890385692","https://openalex.org/W2895265707","https://openalex.org/W2897734900","https://openalex.org/W2901634746","https://openalex.org/W2903649528","https://openalex.org/W2904257475","https://openalex.org/W2904648777","https://openalex.org/W2910345890","https://openalex.org/W2914157628","https://openalex.org/W2916273181","https://openalex.org/W2917136785","https://openalex.org/W2918870161","https://openalex.org/W2920442604","https://openalex.org/W2922120940","https://openalex.org/W2925745050","https://openalex.org/W2944482686","https://openalex.org/W2945643623","https://openalex.org/W2947522057","https://openalex.org/W2962691117","https://openalex.org/W2963298780","https://openalex.org/W2963381101","https://openalex.org/W2963417810","https://openalex.org/W2963569249","https://openalex.org/W2963870798","https://openalex.org/W2964218076","https://openalex.org/W2964249268","https://openalex.org/W2972822076","https://openalex.org/W2979380609","https://openalex.org/W2980261064","https://openalex.org/W2987600525","https://openalex.org/W2989115676","https://openalex.org/W2989784469","https://openalex.org/W2994008524","https://openalex.org/W2995521703","https://openalex.org/W2996540516","https://openalex.org/W2996666220","https://openalex.org/W2997864176","https://openalex.org/W2997959974","https://openalex.org/W3000610696","https://openalex.org/W3000699369","https://openalex.org/W3004112781","https://openalex.org/W3004444190","https://openalex.org/W3006627644","https://openalex.org/W3007193003","https://openalex.org/W3008324927","https://openalex.org/W3009346755","https://openalex.org/W3009794207","https://openalex.org/W3010218374","https://openalex.org/W3015380856","https://openalex.org/W3015595825","https://openalex.org/W3016427599","https://openalex.org/W3021999445","https://openalex.org/W3025834518","https://openalex.org/W3028742748","https://openalex.org/W3033559045","https://openalex.org/W3034036692","https://openalex.org/W3035687248","https://openalex.org/W3038505094","https://openalex.org/W3038519770","https://openalex.org/W3041342901","https://openalex.org/W3041772952","https://openalex.org/W3043432765","https://openalex.org/W3043543211","https://openalex.org/W3046911120","https://openalex.org/W3048081097","https://openalex.org/W3075943981","https://openalex.org/W3082836936","https://openalex.org/W3088371592","https://openalex.org/W3089270136","https://openalex.org/W3089851493","https://openalex.org/W3090864923","https://openalex.org/W3092544547","https://openalex.org/W3094603675","https://openalex.org/W3095660921","https://openalex.org/W3096625689","https://openalex.org/W3097591606","https://openalex.org/W3099247221","https://openalex.org/W3100927753","https://openalex.org/W3103416151","https://openalex.org/W3106661040","https://openalex.org/W3110367260","https://openalex.org/W3112379500","https://openalex.org/W3119020594","https://openalex.org/W3119608172","https://openalex.org/W3122989495","https://openalex.org/W3126566311","https://openalex.org/W3127915398","https://openalex.org/W3128487694","https://openalex.org/W3130406560","https://openalex.org/W3134089591","https://openalex.org/W3135725526","https://openalex.org/W3135950463","https://openalex.org/W3137110945","https://openalex.org/W3139532553","https://openalex.org/W3143117471","https://openalex.org/W3146665297","https://openalex.org/W3147449049","https://openalex.org/W3147542986","https://openalex.org/W3151159220","https://openalex.org/W3159402647","https://openalex.org/W3165409847","https://openalex.org/W3165700950","https://openalex.org/W3167683018","https://openalex.org/W3168445824","https://openalex.org/W3174495368","https://openalex.org/W3176800106","https://openalex.org/W3184572396","https://openalex.org/W3188283781","https://openalex.org/W3189579159","https://openalex.org/W3189639465","https://openalex.org/W3191235712","https://openalex.org/W3192787793","https://openalex.org/W3195333310","https://openalex.org/W3195896772","https://openalex.org/W3196656437","https://openalex.org/W3199405089","https://openalex.org/W3199521358","https://openalex.org/W3204996214","https://openalex.org/W3206199543","https://openalex.org/W3206205324","https://openalex.org/W3207982743","https://openalex.org/W3212878322","https://openalex.org/W3214709934","https://openalex.org/W3215560296","https://openalex.org/W4200087666","https://openalex.org/W4200207153","https://openalex.org/W4205652272","https://openalex.org/W4214923958","https://openalex.org/W4221155174","https://openalex.org/W4221157816","https://openalex.org/W4223650495","https://openalex.org/W4223982826","https://openalex.org/W4225868509","https://openalex.org/W4226103296","https://openalex.org/W4237548054","https://openalex.org/W4239431243","https://openalex.org/W4240282968","https://openalex.org/W4242992196","https://openalex.org/W4251549804","https://openalex.org/W4256617750","https://openalex.org/W4280552546","https://openalex.org/W4281763703","https://openalex.org/W4283323759","https://openalex.org/W4283366711","https://openalex.org/W4285210150","https://openalex.org/W4285255610","https://openalex.org/W4285891403","https://openalex.org/W4292971352","https://openalex.org/W4293326918","https://openalex.org/W4294811314","https://openalex.org/W4294845471","https://openalex.org/W4295934639","https://openalex.org/W4296836892","https://openalex.org/W4296917565","https://openalex.org/W4299908858","https://openalex.org/W4300450205","https://openalex.org/W4305030033","https://openalex.org/W4307099435","https://openalex.org/W4307506202","https://openalex.org/W4312233343","https://openalex.org/W4312274958","https://openalex.org/W4312560499","https://openalex.org/W4312630778","https://openalex.org/W4313034315","https://openalex.org/W4313855364","https://openalex.org/W4320031148","https://openalex.org/W4320342637","https://openalex.org/W4322576964","https://openalex.org/W4323669919","https://openalex.org/W4366528371","https://openalex.org/W4367313436","https://openalex.org/W4377089831","https://openalex.org/W4378696972","https://openalex.org/W4381250656","https://openalex.org/W4382679308","https://openalex.org/W4385359523","https://openalex.org/W4385359646","https://openalex.org/W4385834275","https://openalex.org/W4387250352","https://openalex.org/W4387717417","https://openalex.org/W4387918456","https://openalex.org/W4388642354","https://openalex.org/W4388873058","https://openalex.org/W4389297178","https://openalex.org/W4393174781","https://openalex.org/W6629267907","https://openalex.org/W6640823432","https://openalex.org/W6642503491","https://openalex.org/W6650743014","https://openalex.org/W6658161147","https://openalex.org/W6662721785","https://openalex.org/W6665015496","https://openalex.org/W6665415080","https://openalex.org/W6683860444","https://openalex.org/W6686691721","https://openalex.org/W6696964107","https://openalex.org/W6719984140","https://openalex.org/W6743877235","https://openalex.org/W6747218216","https://openalex.org/W6756794323","https://openalex.org/W6759503285","https://openalex.org/W6774738240","https://openalex.org/W6776728825","https://openalex.org/W6791338269","https://openalex.org/W6792756437","https://openalex.org/W6800315649","https://openalex.org/W6862347254","https://openalex.org/W7024751382"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W2478288626","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2350741829","https://openalex.org/W2530322880"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,31],"increasing":[1],"proliferation":[2],"of":[3,20,48,55,58,85,104,112,136,171],"internet-connected":[4],"devices":[5],"and":[6,51,95,115,141,155,178,181,194],"the":[7,18,21,44,63,67,72,119,151,179],"widespread":[8],"reliance":[9],"on":[10],"wireless":[11,80,123,162],"communication":[12,124],"in":[13,33,46,92,102,131,191],"daily":[14],"activities":[15],"are":[16,60],"limiting":[17],"capabilities":[19],"radio":[22],"frequency":[23],"(RF)":[24],"spectrum":[25,69],"to":[26,36,62,65,70,150],"meet":[27],"data":[28,90],"traffic":[29],"demands.":[30],"rise":[32],"connectivity":[34,81],"requirements":[35],"realize":[37],"sixth":[38],"generation":[39],"(6G)":[40],"networks,":[41],"coupled":[42],"with":[43],"growth":[45],"utilization":[47],"artificial":[49],"intelligence":[50],"its":[52,175,189],"associated":[53],"transmission":[54],"massive":[56],"amounts":[57],"data,":[59],"contributing":[61],"need":[64],"leverage":[66],"optical":[68,79,122,161],"complement":[71],"already":[73],"congested":[74],"RF":[75,113],"bands.":[76],"In":[77,164],"general,":[78],"encompasses":[82],"a":[83,107,129,134],"range":[84],"solutions":[86,158],"that":[87,184],"can":[88],"support":[89],"transfer":[91],"various":[93],"outdoor":[94],"indoor":[96],"use":[97,153],"cases,":[98],"benefiting":[99],"from":[100],"advantages":[101],"terms":[103],"operation":[105],"within":[106],"broad":[108],"unlicensed":[109],"spectrum,":[110],"minimization":[111],"interference,":[114],"inherent":[116],"security.":[117],"On":[118],"other":[120],"hand,":[121],"(OWC)":[125],"systems":[126],"might":[127],"experience":[128],"decline":[130],"performance":[132],"as":[133],"result":[135],"factors":[137],"like":[138],"atmospheric":[139],"conditions":[140],"link":[142],"blockage.":[143],"This":[144],"requires":[145],"customizing":[146],"system":[147],"designs":[148],"according":[149],"considered":[152],"cases":[154],"investigating":[156],"new":[157],"for":[159,187],"realizing":[160],"connectivity.":[163],"this":[165],"article,":[166],"we":[167],"present":[168],"an":[169],"overview":[170],"OWC,":[172],"encompassing":[173],"both":[174],"conceptual":[176],"frameworks":[177],"scientific":[180],"technological":[182],"advancements":[183],"hold":[185],"potential":[186],"shaping":[188],"future":[190],"6G":[192],"networks":[193],"beyond.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}