{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7163042983","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3698505","title":"Sustainable Horizons: Energy Efficiency in B5G Space\u2013Air\u2013Ground Integrated Networks","display_name":"Sustainable Horizons: Energy Efficiency in B5G Space\u2013Air\u2013Ground Integrated Networks","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7163042983","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3698505"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3698505","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3698505","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3698505","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030311753","display_name":"Akanksha Sharma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0353-2355"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74796645","display_name":"Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani","ror":"https://ror.org/001p3jz28","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74796645"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Akanksha Sharma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS Pilani), Pilani, Rajasthan, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4496-0263","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS Pilani), Pilani, Rajasthan, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74796645"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014904454","display_name":"Sharda Tripathi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8473-4380"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74796645","display_name":"Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani","ror":"https://ror.org/001p3jz28","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74796645"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sharda Tripathi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS Pilani), Pilani, Rajasthan, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8473-4380","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS Pilani), Pilani, Rajasthan, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74796645"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74796645"],"apc_list":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"apc_paid":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84368745,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"6775","last_page":"6809"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.39800000190734863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.39800000190734863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12449","display_name":"Spacecraft Design and Technology","score":0.27730000019073486,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11701","display_name":"Space Satellite Systems and Control","score":0.050999999046325684,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.5098000168800354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.3463999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sustainable-energy","display_name":"Sustainable energy","score":0.3158999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.2840000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-efficiency","display_name":"Economic efficiency","score":0.2621000111103058}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.51419997215271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.5098000168800354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.3463999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2982926626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1962383","display_name":"Sustainable energy","level":3,"score":0.3158999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.2840000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.27149999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109332788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q615445","display_name":"Economic efficiency","level":2,"score":0.2621000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.25999999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.25850000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.25360000133514404}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3698505","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3698505","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d65b7b6176d248dbb841d3c15f0e7c37","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d65b7b6176d248dbb841d3c15f0e7c37","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, Vol 7, Pp 6775-6809 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3698505","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3698505","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.6897515654563904,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4504505191","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SPG/2022/001627","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334771","funder_display_name":"Science and Engineering Research Board"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334771","display_name":"Science and Engineering Research Board","ror":"https://ror.org/03ffdsr55"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,8,27,34,44,54,70,153,213],"escalating":[2],"demand":[3],"for":[4,195],"ubiquitous":[5],"connectivity":[6,128],"and":[7,15,78,88,93,109,138,163,167,187,198,202,222],"rapid":[9],"proliferation":[10],"of":[11,29,36,46,72,102,147,156],"devices":[12,49],"in":[13,26,224],"Information":[14],"Communication":[16],"Technology":[17],"(ICT),":[18],"energy":[19,55,114,132,173,200],"optimization":[20],"has":[21],"become":[22],"a":[23,124,178,191,207],"fundamental":[24],"challenge":[25],"design":[28],"future":[30,215],"wireless":[31,48,227],"networks.":[32,228],"Further,":[33],"integration":[35],"machine":[37],"intelligence":[38],"into":[39],"daily":[40],"life":[41],"will":[42],"cause":[43],"number":[45],"active":[47],"to":[50,85,105,127,135,171,218],"multiply":[51],"dramatically,":[52],"intensifying":[53],"burden":[56],"on":[57],"existing":[58],"infrastructures.":[59],"To":[60],"address":[61],"this,":[62],"Beyond":[63],"Fifth":[64],"Generation":[65],"(B5G)":[66],"networks":[67,98],"are":[68],"exploring":[69],"convergence":[71],"Non-Terrestrial":[73],"Networks":[74,83],"(NTNs),":[75],"including":[76],"satellites":[77],"aerial":[79],"platforms,":[80],"with":[81],"Terrestrial":[82],"(TNs)":[84],"expand":[86],"coverage":[87],"capacity.":[89],"Operating":[90],"at":[91],"sub-THz":[92],"THz":[94],"frequency":[95],"bands,":[96],"these":[97],"require":[99],"dense":[100],"deployments":[101],"access":[103],"points":[104],"overcome":[106],"severe":[107],"atmospheric":[108],"absorption":[110],"losses,":[111],"further":[112,219],"complicating":[113],"management.":[115],"The":[116],"resulting":[117],"Space-Air-Ground":[118],"Integrated":[119],"Network":[120],"(SAGIN)":[121],"paradigm":[122],"offers":[123],"multi-layered":[125],"approach":[126],"but":[129],"introduces":[130],"complex":[131],"trade-offs":[133],"due":[134],"its":[136,204],"heterogeneous":[137],"large-scale":[139],"nature.":[140],"This":[141],"survey":[142],"provides":[143],"an":[144],"in-depth":[145],"review":[146],"Energy":[148],"Efficiency":[149],"(EE)":[150],"challenges":[151],"across":[152],"different":[154],"tiers":[155],"SAGIN.":[157],"We":[158],"analyze":[159],"relevant":[160],"EE":[161,193,221],"metrics":[162],"investigate":[164],"emerging":[165],"techniques":[166],"architectural":[168],"modifications":[169],"designed":[170],"optimize":[172],"consumption.":[174],"Next,":[175],"we":[176,211],"propose":[177],"novel":[179],"energy-efficient":[180],"SAGIN":[181],"architecture":[182],"that":[183],"unifies":[184],"terrestrial,":[185],"aerial,":[186],"satellite":[188],"segments":[189],"under":[190],"dedicated":[192],"layer":[194],"real-time,":[196],"adaptive,":[197],"self-sustaining":[199],"optimization,":[201],"demonstrate":[203],"effectiveness":[205],"through":[206],"detailed":[208],"case-study.":[209],"Finally,":[210],"highlight":[212],"key":[214],"research":[216],"directions":[217],"enhance":[220],"sustainability":[223],"next-generation":[225],"B5G":[226]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-27T06:13:17.587685","created_date":"2026-06-02T00:00:00"}
