{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7162408004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3696887","title":"Broad-Band Nolen Beamforming Matrix Inspired by Groove Gap Waveguide Technology for Multi-Beam Antenna Arrays in mmWave Satellite-Oriented Space Multiplexing Systems","display_name":"Broad-Band Nolen Beamforming Matrix Inspired by Groove Gap Waveguide Technology for Multi-Beam Antenna Arrays in mmWave Satellite-Oriented Space Multiplexing Systems","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7162408004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3696887"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3696887","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3696887","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3696887","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137034112","display_name":"Mohammad Alibakhshikenari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8263-1572"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168346926","display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland","ror":"https://ror.org/0271asj38","country_code":"IE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168346926"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188760350","display_name":"Ollscoil na Gaillimhe \u2013 University of Galway","ror":"https://ror.org/03bea9k73","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188760350"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Alibakhshikenari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lero, the Research Ireland Centre for Software, College of Science and Engineering, School of Computer Science, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8263-1572","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lero, the Research Ireland Centre for Software, College of Science and Engineering, School of Computer Science, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168346926","https://openalex.org/I188760350"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135007275","display_name":"Bal Virdee","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126193024","display_name":"London Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ae33288","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126193024"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bal Virdee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Communications Technology, London Metropolitan University, London, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7203-0039","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Communications Technology, London Metropolitan University, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126193024"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137073861","display_name":"Yazeed Mohammad Qasaymeh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4096-4707"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I195631090","display_name":"Majmaah University","ror":"https://ror.org/01mcrnj60","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195631090"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yazeed Mohammad Qasaymeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, College of Engineering, Majmaah University, Al Majma’ah, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4096-4707","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, College of Engineering, Majmaah University, Al Majma’ah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195631090"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093695104","display_name":"Ali Zidour","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2467-488X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3121272148","display_name":"University of Boumerdes","ror":"https://ror.org/02dveg925","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3121272148"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Zidour","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Systems Engineering Department, University of M’hamed Bougara, Boumerdes, Algeria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2467-488X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Systems Engineering Department, University of M’hamed Bougara, Boumerdes, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3121272148"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019823459","display_name":"Muhammad Akmal Chaudhary","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6063-3377"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182000528","display_name":"Ajman University","ror":"https://ror.org/01j1rma10","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182000528"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Akmal Chaudhary","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6063-3377","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182000528"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121461449","display_name":"Chan H. See","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I251738","display_name":"Edinburgh Napier University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zjvnn91","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chan Hwang See","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8439-7321","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075298005","display_name":"Patrizia Livreri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8599-0418"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I900890020","display_name":"University of Palermo","ror":"https://ror.org/044k9ta02","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I900890020"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrizia Livreri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8599-0418","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I900890020"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065746628","display_name":"Nisar Ahmad Abbasi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1998-6848"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I73898932","display_name":"Bahrain Polytechnic","ror":"https://ror.org/01dv0vw10","country_code":"BH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I73898932"]}],"countries":["BH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nisar Ahmad Abbasi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Systems Engineering, Bahrain Polytechnic, Isa Town, Bahrain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Systems Engineering, Bahrain Polytechnic, Isa Town, Bahrain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I73898932"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137055954","display_name":"Mohamadariff Othman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0563-5000"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33849332","display_name":"University of Malaya","ror":"https://ror.org/00rzspn62","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33849332"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamadariff Othman","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Centre for Particle Physics, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0563-5000","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Centre for Particle Physics, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33849332"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137008614","display_name":"Takfarinas Saber","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2958-7979"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168346926","display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland","ror":"https://ror.org/0271asj38","country_code":"IE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168346926"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188760350","display_name":"Ollscoil na Gaillimhe \u2013 University of Galway","ror":"https://ror.org/03bea9k73","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188760350"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Takfarinas Saber","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lero, the Research Ireland Centre for Software, College of Science and Engineering, School of Computer Science, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2958-7979","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lero, the Research Ireland Centre for Software, College of Science and Engineering, School of Computer Science, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168346926","https://openalex.org/I188760350"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137066102","display_name":"Ernesto Limiti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4668-7461"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116067653","display_name":"University of Rome Tor Vergata","ror":"https://ror.org/02p77k626","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116067653"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ernesto Limiti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronics Engineering Department, University of Rome “Tor Vergata,”, Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4668-7461","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronics Engineering Department, University of Rome “Tor Vergata,”, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116067653"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":8,"institutions_distinct_count":11,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"apc_paid":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.55980462,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"6474","last_page":"6490"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10262","display_name":"Microwave Engineering and Waveguides","score":0.30079999566078186,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10262","display_name":"Microwave Engineering and Waveguides","score":0.30079999566078186,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11803","display_name":"Superconducting and THz Device Technology","score":0.2554999887943268,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.07999999821186066,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.586899995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplexing","display_name":"Multiplexing","score":0.571399986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.49070000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/groove","display_name":"Groove (engineering)","score":0.44530001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","score":0.4447999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matrix","display_name":"Matrix (chemical analysis)","score":0.42149999737739563}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.586899995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19275194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q222903","display_name":"Multiplexing","level":2,"score":0.571399986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.5241000056266785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4918999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.49070000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779472054","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2377973","display_name":"Groove (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.44530001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.4447999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4334999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106487976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685816","display_name":"Matrix (chemical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.42149999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.3630000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200687136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11233438","display_name":"Waveguide","level":2,"score":0.3578000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62191587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4771249","display_name":"Antenna array","level":3,"score":0.3407000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.334199994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3319000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.32330000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.30379998683929443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.2903999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32802771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2443617","display_name":"Port (circuit theory)","level":2,"score":0.2621000111103058}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3696887","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3696887","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.londonmet.ac.uk:11531","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400140","display_name":"London Met Repository (London Metropolitan University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I126193024","host_organization_name":"London Metropolitan University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126193024"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1185819ea08b4248879e450648f7c3d5","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1185819ea08b4248879e450648f7c3d5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, Vol 7, Pp 6474-6490 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unipa.it:10447/708204","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10447/708204","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196289","display_name":"IRIS UniPA (University of Palermo)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I900890020","host_organization_name":"University of Palermo","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I900890020"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3696887","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3696887","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.45802274346351624,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7596166829","display_name":"RespOnSiblE Time and Tech in an Accelerated Digitised World","funder_award_id":"101126578","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338438","funder_display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320861","display_name":"University of Galway","ror":"https://ror.org/03bea9k73"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324553","display_name":"Majmaah University","ror":"https://ror.org/01mcrnj60"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334679","display_name":"Research Executive Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338438","display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"work":[1,129,178],"presents":[2],"the":[3,40,101,161,168,176,180],"design":[4],"and":[5,50,76,81,88,105,139,150,171,192,218],"experimental":[6],"validation":[7],"of":[8],"an":[9,25],"integrated":[10,112,189],"single-layer":[11,133,184],"4\u00d74":[12,108],"Nolen":[13,122,164,186],"beamforming":[14,51],"matrix":[15,34,187],"(NBM)":[16],"implemented":[17],"in":[18],"groove":[19],"gap":[20],"waveguide":[21],"(GGW)":[22],"technology":[23],"as":[24],"enabling":[26],"front-end":[27,65],"for":[28,37,62],"multi-beam":[29,116],"satellite":[30],"gateway":[31],"systems.":[32],"The":[33,67],"is":[35,111],"designed":[36],"operation":[38],"within":[39,146,153,210,221],"30\u201340":[41],"GHz":[42],"upper":[43],"Ka-band":[44],"region,":[45],"with":[46,79,136,188,223],"optimal":[47],"impedance":[48],"matching":[49],"performance":[52],"centered":[53],"around":[54,227],"38":[55,228],"GHz,":[56],"offering":[57],"low-loss":[58],"planar":[59],"routing":[60,138],"suitable":[61],"compact":[63,155],"mmWave":[64],"architectures.":[66],"network":[68],"combines":[69],"broadband":[70],"H-plane":[71],"directional":[72],"couplers":[73],"(3.04,":[74],"4.77,":[75],"6.0":[77],"dB)":[78],"fundamental":[80],"delay-compensation":[82],"phase":[83,103,144,219,225],"shifters":[84],"to":[85,113,120,160],"equalize":[86],"amplitudes":[87],"maintain":[89],"progressive":[90],"phase.":[91],"A":[92],"WR-28-compatible":[93],"input-feeding":[94],"transition":[95,191],"enables":[96],"practical":[97],"interfacing":[98],"without":[99],"disturbing":[100],"internal":[102],"states,":[104],"a":[106,131,154],"linear":[107],"slot-array":[109],"antenna":[110],"demonstrate":[114],"wide-angle":[115],"radiation.":[117],"In":[118,157],"contrast":[119],"prior":[121],"matrices,":[123,165],"including":[124],"recent":[125,162],"GGW":[126,134,185],"implementations,":[127],"this":[128],"introduces":[130],"fully":[132],"realization":[135],"parallel":[137],"built-in":[140],"delay":[141],"compensation,":[142],"achieving":[143],"error":[145,220],"(\u00b110\u00b0),":[147],"near-equalized":[148],"amplitudes,":[149],"simplified":[151],"fabrication":[152],"footprint.":[156],"particular,":[158],"compared":[159],"GGW-based":[163],"which":[166],"employ":[167],"multilayer":[169],"configurations":[170],"report":[172],"only":[173],"simulation":[174],"results,":[175],"proposed":[177],"demonstrates":[179],"first":[181],"experimentally":[182],"validated":[183],"feeding":[190],"radiating":[193],"array.":[194],"Measurements":[195],"confirm":[196],"return":[197],"loss":[198],"better":[199],"than":[200],"\u221215":[201],"dB,":[202,207],"port-to-port":[203],"isolation":[204],"exceeding":[205],"15":[206],"amplitude":[208],"imbalance":[209],"\u00b11.2":[211],"dB":[212,215],"(around":[213],"6":[214],"nominal":[216],"output),":[217],"\u00b110\u00b0":[222],"stable":[224],"progression":[226],"GHz.":[229]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2026-05-27T00:00:00"}