{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7161146363","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3692601","title":"Underwater Wireless Communication Systems and Networks: A Survey, Future Directions, and Novel Proposals","display_name":"Underwater Wireless Communication Systems and Networks: A Survey, Future Directions, and Novel Proposals","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7161146363","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3692601"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3692601","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3692601","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3692601","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069069322","display_name":"Abdallah S. Ghazy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8726-7597"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9736820","display_name":"\u00c9cole de Technologie Sup\u00e9rieure","ror":"https://ror.org/0020snb74","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I49663120","https://openalex.org/I9736820"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdallah S. Ghazy","raw_affiliation_strings":["École de Technologie Supérieure, Montreal, QC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8726-7597","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"École de Technologie Supérieure, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9736820"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136148636","display_name":"Nadir Adam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8791-3475"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9736820","display_name":"\u00c9cole de Technologie Sup\u00e9rieure","ror":"https://ror.org/0020snb74","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I49663120","https://openalex.org/I9736820"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nadir Adam","raw_affiliation_strings":["École de Technologie Supérieure, Montreal, QC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8791-3475","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"École de Technologie Supérieure, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9736820"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045230450","display_name":"Ikenna Chinazaekpere Ijeh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5158-6270"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176790666","display_name":"Funai Electric (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/03gbxs308","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176790666"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ikenna Chinazaekpere Ijeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu-Alike Ikwo (AE-FUNAI), Ebonyi State, Ikwo, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5158-6270","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu-Alike Ikwo (AE-FUNAI), Ebonyi State, Ikwo, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176790666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083493759","display_name":"Oussama Haddad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9907-5974"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117221","display_name":"Eiffage (France)","ror":"https://ror.org/02fb00x56","country_code":"FR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117221"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oussama Haddad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Université Paris-Saclay, Vélizy-Villacoublay, France"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9907-5974","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Université Paris-Saclay, Vélizy-Villacoublay, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210117221"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136103683","display_name":"Surabhi Karandikar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125119","display_name":"Solana Networks (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/03336v443","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125119"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Surabhi Karandikar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Solana Networks, Nepean, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Solana Networks, Nepean, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125119"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032243366","display_name":"Georges Kaddoum","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5025-6624"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9736820","display_name":"\u00c9cole de Technologie Sup\u00e9rieure","ror":"https://ror.org/0020snb74","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I49663120","https://openalex.org/I9736820"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Georges Kaddoum","raw_affiliation_strings":["École de Technologie Supérieure, Montreal, QC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5025-6624","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"École de Technologie Supérieure, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9736820"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136175833","display_name":"Chameseddine Talhi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2264-8265"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9736820","display_name":"\u00c9cole de Technologie Sup\u00e9rieure","ror":"https://ror.org/0020snb74","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I49663120","https://openalex.org/I9736820"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chameseddine Talhi","raw_affiliation_strings":["École de Technologie Supérieure, Montreal, QC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2264-8265","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"École de Technologie Supérieure, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9736820"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056812780","display_name":"Naveed Iqbal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2633-9761"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naveed Iqbal","raw_affiliation_strings":["King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2633-9761","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057302558","display_name":"Haitham S. Khallaf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7057-5235"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3089115","display_name":"Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority","ror":"https://ror.org/04hd0yz67","country_code":"EG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3089115"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haitham S. Khallaf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Reactors Department, Nuclear Research Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Inshas, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7057-5235","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Reactors Department, Nuclear Research Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Inshas, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3089115"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":5,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"apc_paid":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69616123,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"5512","last_page":"5580"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9889000058174133,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9889000058174133,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.0012000000569969416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13121","display_name":"Radio Wave Propagation Studies","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.4846000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater","display_name":"Underwater","score":0.3637000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.34459999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communications-system","display_name":"Communications system","score":0.32499998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater-acoustic-communication","display_name":"Underwater acoustic communication","score":0.2922999858856201}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5403000116348267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.4846000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.396699994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98083399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246517","display_name":"Underwater","level":2,"score":0.3637000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.34459999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.33889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101765175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q577764","display_name":"Communications system","level":2,"score":0.32499998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169111936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424098","display_name":"Underwater acoustic communication","level":3,"score":0.2922999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.2459000051021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.23690000176429749}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3692601","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3692601","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5e992f9709de46369a1c3d5c35be04d6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5e992f9709de46369a1c3d5c35be04d6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, Vol 7, Pp 5512-5580 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:espace2.etsmtl.ca:33766","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://espace2.etsmtl.ca/id/eprint/33766/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402392","display_name":"Espace \u00c9TS (ETS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1341030882","host_organization_name":"Educational Testing Service","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341030882"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Non \u00e9valu\u00e9 par les pairs"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3692601","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3692601","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7464125921","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"580441-22","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8524490792","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"INCS2503","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322323","funder_display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322323","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322675","display_name":"Mitacs","ror":"https://ror.org/00cjrc276"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,121],"recent":[1],"years,":[2],"underwater":[3,23,127,210,286],"wireless":[4],"sensor":[5,45],"networks":[6],"(UWSNs)":[7],"have":[8],"attracted":[9],"significant":[10],"attention":[11],"due":[12],"to":[13,167,199,242],"their":[14,115],"wide":[15],"range":[16],"of":[17,33,82,100,114,173,224,263],"civil":[18],"and":[19,48,57,69,89,107,118,129,143,148,163,171,205,226,245,267,281],"defense":[20],"applications.":[21],"However,":[22],"environments":[24],"impose":[25],"severe":[26],"challenges,":[27],"including":[28],"dynamic":[29,209],"channel":[30],"conditions,":[31],"lack":[32],"accurate":[34],"three-dimensional":[35],"localization,":[36],"spatial":[37],"sparsity,":[38],"high":[39],"propagation":[40],"delays,":[41],"limited":[42],"bandwidth,":[43],"energy-constrained":[44],"nodes,":[46],"interference,":[47],"strong":[49],"background":[50],"noise.":[51],"Addressing":[52],"these":[53],"challenges":[54,284],"requires":[55],"efficient":[56],"integrated":[58],"network":[59,124,130,175,215],"stack":[60,125,147,194,240,265],"designs":[61],"spanning":[62],"the":[63,80,104,139,157,169,179,221,237,261],"physical,":[64,105],"medium":[65],"access":[66],"control":[67],"(MAC),":[68],"routing":[70,108],"layers.":[71,176],"Furthermore,":[72],"additional":[73],"performance":[74,119,280],"gains":[75],"can":[76],"be":[77],"achieved":[78],"through":[79],"integration":[81,172],"heterogeneous":[83,214,268],"communication":[84,206,228],"technologies,":[85,229],"such":[86],"as":[87],"acoustic":[88,225],"optical":[90,227],"systems.":[91],"This":[92],"paper":[93,158],"first":[94],"presents":[95],"an":[96,256],"up-to-date":[97,257],"comprehensive":[98,155,258],"survey":[99,259],"UWSN":[101,279],"protocols,":[102,126],"covering":[103],"MAC,":[106],"layers,":[109],"with":[110,135,230,260],"a":[111,213,231,274],"detailed":[112],"analysis":[113],"design":[116,262],"trade-offs":[117],"limitations.":[120],"addition,":[122],"existing":[123],"modems,":[128],"security":[131],"threats":[132],"are":[133,188,196],"reviewed,":[134],"particular":[136],"emphasis":[137],"on":[138,153,178,255],"Smart":[140],"Adaptive":[141],"Long-":[142],"Short-range":[144],"Acoustic":[145],"(SALSA)":[146],"its":[149],"operational":[150],"challenges.":[151],"Building":[152,177],"this":[154,183,271],"survey,":[156,184],"identifies":[159],"key":[160],"research":[161,252],"gaps":[162],"outlines":[164],"future":[165],"directions":[166,253],"enhance":[168,200],"development":[170],"different":[174],"insights":[180],"derived":[181],"from":[182],"two":[185],"main":[186],"contributions":[187],"introduced.":[189],"First,":[190],"novel":[191,232,264],"Developed-SALSA":[192],"(D-SALSA)":[193],"protocols":[195,241,266],"proposed,":[197],"designed":[198],"adaptability,":[201],"energy":[202],"efficiency,":[203],"throughput,":[204],"reliability":[207],"in":[208,285],"environments.":[211],"Second,":[212],"architecture":[216],"is":[217],"presented":[218],"that":[219],"leverages":[220],"complementary":[222],"advantages":[223],"management":[233],"protocol":[234],"adopted":[235],"within":[236],"proposed":[238],"D-SALSA":[239],"support":[243],"highrate":[244],"large-scale":[246],"marine":[247],"data":[248],"transmission.":[249],"By":[250],"combining":[251],"built":[254],"networking":[269],"paradigms,":[270],"work":[272],"provides":[273],"unified":[275],"framework":[276],"for":[277],"advancing":[278],"addressing":[282],"persistent":[283],"communications.":[287]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-16T09:24:06.705377","created_date":"2026-05-15T00:00:00"}