{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7160895826","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3692403","title":"6G-Enabled Quantum-Energy-Aware Multi-Agent Multi-Modal Scheme for Underwater Acoustic\u2013RF Networks","display_name":"6G-Enabled Quantum-Energy-Aware Multi-Agent Multi-Modal Scheme for Underwater Acoustic\u2013RF Networks","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7160895826","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3692403"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3692403","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3692403","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3692403","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135922650","display_name":"Altaf Hussain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7923-9652"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10535382","display_name":"Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/03dgaqz26","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Altaf Hussain","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7923-9652","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021012603","display_name":"Shuaiyong Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3914-5173"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10535382","display_name":"Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/03dgaqz26","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuaiyong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Industrial Internet of Things and Networked Control, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3914-5173","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Industrial Internet of Things and Networked Control, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136001425","display_name":"Tariq Hussain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4761-0346"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75059550","display_name":"Zhejiang Gongshang University","ror":"https://ror.org/0569mkk41","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75059550"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tariq Hussain","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4761-0346","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75059550"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051139581","display_name":"Muhammad Salman Pathan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0210-3121"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42934936","display_name":"Dublin City University","ror":"https://ror.org/04a1a1e81","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I42934936"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Salman Pathan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0210-3121","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42934936"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079932319","display_name":"Theyazn H. H. Aldhyani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1822-1357"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165529","display_name":"University of Business and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05tcr1n44","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210165529"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4626487","display_name":"King Faisal University","ror":"https://ror.org/00dn43547","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4626487"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Theyazn H. H. Aldhyani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Management Information Systems, College of Business Administration, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1822-1357","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Management Information Systems, College of Business Administration, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165529","https://openalex.org/I4626487"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121549103","display_name":"Eatedal Alabdulkreem","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106778892","display_name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","ror":"https://ror.org/05b0cyh02","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eatedal Alabdulkreem","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box, 84428, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box, 84428, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"apc_paid":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.4909934,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"5241","last_page":"5254"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.7540000081062317,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.7540000081062317,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11582","display_name":"Nanopore and Nanochannel Transport Studies","score":0.06379999965429306,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13052","display_name":"Molecular Communication and Nanonetworks","score":0.05090000107884407,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.38449999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.28929999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater","display_name":"Underwater","score":0.27459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.2703999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.2628999948501587}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5162000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.38449999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.28929999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98083399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246517","display_name":"Underwater","level":2,"score":0.27459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.2703999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.26600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.2628999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.2563000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.24879999458789825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.24729999899864197}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3692403","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3692403","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:19c523a0a789440bb9a1c2759e711a3e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/19c523a0a789440bb9a1c2759e711a3e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, Vol 7, Pp 5241-5254 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3692403","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3692403","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.523001492023468,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G112440232","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52178407","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G256569731","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018YFB1600202","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Wireless":[0],"networks":[1],"with":[2,112,167],"limited":[3,29],"deployment":[4],"constraints":[5],"are":[6,22,107],"critical":[7],"for":[8,50,123],"emergency":[9],"response,":[10],"marine":[11],"monitoring,":[12],"and":[13,31,70,95,118,135,162,181],"mission-centric":[14],"operations.":[15],"Underwater":[16,66],"Acoustic":[17],"Sensor":[18],"Networks":[19,73],"(UASNs)":[20],"communications":[21],"severely":[23],"constrained":[24],"by":[25],"high":[26],"propagation":[27],"delay,":[28],"bandwidth,":[30],"energy":[32,155,179],"scarcity.":[33],"This":[34],"paper":[35],"proposes":[36],"a":[37],"6G-Enabled":[38],"Quantum-Aware":[39],"Energy-Efficient":[40],"Cooperation":[41],"(6G-QAEEC)":[42],"multi-agent":[43,173],"underwater":[44,53,186],"acoustic-radio":[45],"frequency":[46],"(RF)":[47],"network":[48,102],"framework":[49,149,176],"reliable":[51],"multimodal":[52,174],"communication.":[54],"The":[55],"proposed":[56,148,172],"architecture":[57],"enables":[58],"cooperative":[59],"intelligence":[60],"among":[61],"submerged":[62],"sensor":[63],"nodes,":[64],"Autonomous":[65],"Vehicles":[67],"(AUVs)":[68],"relays,":[69],"6G-enabled":[71],"surface/Non-Terrestrial":[72],"(NTN)":[74],"gateways.":[75],"A":[76],"Nearest":[77],"Node":[78],"Verification":[79],"(NNV)":[80],"discovery":[81],"protocol":[82],"is":[83],"introduced":[84],"to":[85],"prune":[86],"unstable":[87],"links":[88],"during":[89],"route":[90],"formation,":[91],"reducing":[92],"redundant":[93],"flooding":[94],"improving":[96],"routing":[97,134,160],"stability.":[98],"To":[99],"further":[100],"enhance":[101],"efficiency,":[103,180],"three":[104],"cooperation":[105],"mechanisms":[106],"developed:":[108],"adaptive":[109],"relay":[110],"rotation":[111],"signal":[113],"amplification,":[114],"duty-cycled":[115],"neighbor":[116],"re-verification,":[117],"opportunistic":[119],"optical":[120],"burst":[121],"communication":[122],"local":[124],"high-rate":[125],"exchanges.":[126],"Quantum-aware":[127],"optimization":[128],"at":[129],"the":[130,147,171],"6G":[131],"edge":[132],"accelerates":[133],"resource":[136],"scheduling":[137],"decisions":[138],"under":[139],"dynamic":[140],"channel":[141],"conditions.":[142],"Simulation":[143],"results":[144],"show":[145],"that":[146],"improves":[150],"packet":[151],"delivery":[152],"ratio,":[153],"reduces":[154],"consumption":[156],"per":[157],"bit,":[158],"lowers":[159],"overhead,":[161],"decreases":[163],"end-to-end":[164],"delay":[165],"compared":[166],"baseline":[168],"schemes.":[169],"Overall,":[170],"quantum-aware":[175],"enhances":[177],"reliability,":[178],"spectral":[182],"utilization":[183],"in":[184],"next-generation":[185],"networks.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-25T09:21:30.201066","created_date":"2026-05-13T00:00:00"}