{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7154986569","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3685571","title":"A Deterministic Game-Theoretic Handover Protocol for UAV-RSU Integrated Networks","display_name":"A Deterministic Game-Theoretic Handover Protocol for UAV-RSU Integrated Networks","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7154986569","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3685571"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3685571","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3685571","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3685571","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046325653","display_name":"Zeeshan Shafiq","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6888-5111"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610274","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar","ror":"https://ror.org/00p034093","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610274"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zeeshan Shafiq","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Intelligent Systems and Networks Research, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6888-5111","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Intelligent Systems and Networks Research, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610274"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134037938","display_name":"Muhammad Ismail","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149704539","display_name":"Deakin University","ror":"https://ror.org/02czsnj07","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Ismail","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091408819","display_name":"Mohammed Ali Alshara","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6892-5400"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142024983","display_name":"Prince Sultan University","ror":"https://ror.org/053mqrf26","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142024983"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Ali Alshara","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Information Sciences, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6892-5400","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Information Sciences, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142024983"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000057188","display_name":"Tariqullah Jan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142024983","display_name":"Prince Sultan University","ror":"https://ror.org/053mqrf26","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142024983"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tariqullah Jan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Information Sciences, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Information Sciences, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142024983"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101504317","display_name":"Naveed Ahmad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2941-9780"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142024983","display_name":"Prince Sultan University","ror":"https://ror.org/053mqrf26","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142024983"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naveed Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Information Sciences, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2941-9780","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Information Sciences, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142024983"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008253624","display_name":"Ruhul Amin Khalil","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4039-9901"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201726411","display_name":"United Arab Emirates University","ror":"https://ror.org/01km6p862","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruhul Amin Khalil","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Requirement Unit (ERU), College of Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4039-9901","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Requirement Unit (ERU), College of Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"apc_paid":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74535316,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"4223","last_page":"4238"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9592000246047974,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9592000246047974,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11489","display_name":"Air Traffic Management and Optimization","score":0.013100000098347664,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10246","display_name":"Mobile Ad Hoc Networks","score":0.0031999999191612005,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.48030000925064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handover","display_name":"Handover","score":0.4341999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.29420000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-transmission","display_name":"Data transmission","score":0.2827000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing-protocol","display_name":"Routing protocol","score":0.27799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-network","display_name":"Intelligent Network","score":0.271699994802475}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.6549000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6039999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.48030000925064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111852164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414679","display_name":"Handover","level":2,"score":0.4341999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.29420000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557945733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q389772","display_name":"Data transmission","level":2,"score":0.2827000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104954878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648707","display_name":"Routing protocol","level":3,"score":0.27799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51675839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1665681","display_name":"Intelligent Network","level":2,"score":0.271699994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12269588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132364","display_name":"Communications protocol","level":2,"score":0.26510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.26499998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.2572999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.2540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2533999979496002}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3685571","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3685571","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:360af322bc7b4993a7b520e346b8c2b7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/360af322bc7b4993a7b520e346b8c2b7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, Vol 7, Pp 4223-4238 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3685571","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3685571","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.40348517894744873,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,149],"increasing":[1],"demand":[2],"for":[3,129,139,240],"time-sensitive":[4],"applications":[5,42],"in":[6,31,76,222],"Intelligent":[7],"Transportation":[8],"Systems":[9],"(ITS)":[10],"powered":[11],"by":[12],"Vehicular":[13],"Ad":[14],"Hoc":[15],"Networks":[16],"(VANETs)":[17],"burdens":[18],"the":[19,25,38,99,102,116,144,147,170,236],"limited":[20],"communication":[21],"channels":[22],"available":[23],"to":[24,49,57,90,109,157],"Road":[26],"Side":[27],"Units":[28],"(RSUs),":[29],"particularly":[30],"their":[32],"dense":[33],"serving":[34],"areas.":[35],"One":[36],"of":[37,43,172,180,213,224],"most":[39],"widely":[40],"used":[41],"Uncrewed":[44],"Aerial":[45],"Vehicles":[46],"(UAVs)":[47],"is":[48],"leverage":[50],"them":[51,108],"as":[52],"on-demand":[53],"aerial":[54],"base":[55],"stations":[56],"offload":[58],"RSUs":[59,73],"and":[60,74,101,104,120,133,146,192,218],"provide":[61],"a":[62,77,83,126,134,153,209],"superior":[63],"air-to-ground":[64],"Line-of-Sight":[65],"(LoS)":[66],"channel.":[67],"However,":[68],"managing":[69],"resource":[70,96],"allocation":[71,97],"between":[72,98,107,143],"UAVs":[75],"highly":[78],"dynamic":[79],"vehicular":[80],"network":[81],"requires":[82],"novel":[84],"predictive":[85,130],"strategy.":[86],"Current":[87],"systems":[88],"fail":[89],"jointly":[91],"optimize":[92],"UAV":[93],"trajectory,":[94],"channel":[95],"RSU":[100,145],"UAV,":[103],"handover":[105,141],"decisions":[106,142],"meet":[110],"ultra-low-latency":[111,242],"constraints.":[112],"This":[113],"paper":[114],"proposes":[115],"Deterministic":[117],"Coordinated":[118],"Trajectory":[119],"Resource":[121],"(DCRT)":[122],"Optimization":[123],"Framework,":[124],"comprising":[125],"Kalman":[127],"Filter":[128],"vehicle-state":[131],"estimation":[132],"Cooperative":[135],"Game":[136],"Theory":[137],"approach":[138,239],"optimal":[140],"UAV.":[148],"DCRT":[150],"framework":[151],"solves":[152],"joint":[154],"optimization":[155],"problem":[156],"minimize":[158],"total":[159],"service":[160,177],"time":[161,178],"while":[162,207],"maximizing":[163],"average":[164,176],"area":[165],"throughput.":[166],"Simulation":[167],"results":[168,234],"demonstrate":[169],"effectiveness":[171],"DCRT,":[173],"showing":[174],"an":[175],"reduction":[179],"approximately":[181,214],"<inline-formula>":[182,193],"<tex-math":[183,194],"notation=\"LaTeX\">${61}\\%$":[184],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[185,196],"compared":[186,197],"with":[187,198],"uncoordinated":[188],"random":[189],"access":[190,200],"(RAC)":[191],"notation=\"LaTeX\">${48}\\%$":[195],"probabilistic":[199],"schemes":[201],"(PAS)":[202],"under":[203,229],"medium-to-high":[204],"traffic":[205,231],"loads,":[206],"achieving":[208],"maximum":[210],"throughput":[211],"improvement":[212],"11.7%":[215],"over":[216,220],"RAC":[217],"34.6%":[219],"PAS":[221],"terms":[223],"successful":[225],"vehicles":[226],"per":[227],"slot":[228],"medium":[230],"densities.":[232],"These":[233],"validate":[235],"deterministic":[237],"game-theoretic":[238],"reliable":[241],"V2X":[243],"communication.":[244]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-04T06:00:05.808912","created_date":"2026-04-21T00:00:00"}
