{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7148983267","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3680457","title":"6G-Bench: An Open Benchmark for Semantic Communication and Network-Level Reasoning With Foundation Models in AI-Native 6G Networks","display_name":"6G-Bench: An Open Benchmark for Semantic Communication and Network-Level Reasoning With Foundation Models in AI-Native 6G Networks","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7148983267","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3680457"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3680457","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3680457","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3680457","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Mohamed Amine Ferrag","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0632-3172"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201726411","display_name":"United Arab Emirates University","ror":"https://ror.org/01km6p862","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Amine Ferrag","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Network Engineering, College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Network Engineering, College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Abderrahmane Lakas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4725-8634"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201726411","display_name":"United Arab Emirates University","ror":"https://ror.org/01km6p862","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abderrahmane Lakas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Network Engineering, College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Network Engineering, College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"M\u00e9rouane Debbah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8941-8080"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176601375","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M\u00e9rouane Debbah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Institute for Digital Future, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute for Digital Future, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"],"apc_list":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"apc_paid":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89945813,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"3305","last_page":"3330"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.517799973487854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.517799973487854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.0568000003695488,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.048700001090765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foundation","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","score":0.569100022315979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.49410000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.38530001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-network","display_name":"Semantic network","score":0.3578000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-representation-and-reasoning","display_name":"Knowledge representation and reasoning","score":0.32690000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.3188999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.30959999561309814}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.690500020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780966255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5474306","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","level":2,"score":0.569100022315979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5397999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.49410000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.38530001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85407183","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1045785","display_name":"Semantic network","level":2,"score":0.3578000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161301231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3478658","display_name":"Knowledge representation and reasoning","level":2,"score":0.32690000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3188999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.30959999561309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.3009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.2896000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195818886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421724","display_name":"Expressive power","level":2,"score":0.2816999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195344581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2555318","display_name":"Automated reasoning","level":2,"score":0.2786000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.2770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102993220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q387196","display_name":"Description logic","level":2,"score":0.2694000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.26339998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2572000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192126672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068715","display_name":"Telecommunications network","level":2,"score":0.2531999945640564}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3680457","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3680457","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:36729efd90934481951c75253191cea6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/36729efd90934481951c75253191cea6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, Vol 7, Pp 3305-3330 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3680457","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3680457","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4733877664","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"G00005016","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323593","funder_display_name":"United Arab Emirates University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323593","display_name":"United Arab Emirates University","ror":"https://ror.org/01km6p862"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Emerging":[0],"sixth-generation":[1],"(6G)":[2],"networks":[3,46],"are":[4,155],"increasingly":[5],"envisioned":[6],"as":[7,16,47,157],"AI-native,":[8],"intent-driven":[9],"systems":[10],"in":[11,34,77,98,216,228],"which":[12],"foundation":[13,181],"models":[14,32,182,221],"act":[15],"high-level":[17],"reasoning":[18,53,76,136,218,226],"and":[19,36,58,74,94,103,107,139,149,171,185,189,196,199,224,251],"coordination":[20,60],"layers":[21],"above":[22],"standardized":[23],"network":[24],"functions.":[25],"However,":[26],"existing":[27],"evaluations":[28],"of":[29,85,124,173],"large":[30],"language":[31],"(LLMs)":[33],"wireless":[35],"networking":[37],"domains":[38],"largely":[39],"focus":[40],"on":[41,236,258],"isolated":[42],"tasks":[43,88,238],"or":[44],"treat":[45],"numeric":[48],"constraints,":[49],"leaving":[50],"network-level":[51,75],"semantic":[52,72,217],"over":[54,143],"intent,":[55],"policy,":[56],"trust,":[57],"multi-agent":[59],"insufficiently":[61],"explored.":[62],"This":[63],"paper":[64],"introduces":[65],"6G-Bench,":[66,177],"an":[67],"open":[68,249],"benchmark":[69],"for":[70],"evaluating":[71],"communication":[73],"AI-native":[78],"6G":[79,93],"networks.":[80],"6G-Bench":[81,256],"defines":[82],"a":[83,121,158],"taxonomy":[84],"30":[86],"decision-making":[87],"(T1\u2013T30)":[89],"extracted":[90],"from":[91,116,209,243],"ongoing":[92],"AI-agent":[95],"standardization":[96],"activities":[97],"3GPP,":[99],"IETF,":[100],"ETSI,":[101],"ITU-T,":[102],"the":[104,163,229,255],"O-RAN":[105],"Alliance,":[106],"organizes":[108],"them":[109],"into":[110],"five":[111],"standardization-aligned":[112],"capability":[113],"categories.":[114],"Starting":[115],"113,475":[117],"scenarios,":[118],"we":[119,178,253],"generate":[120],"balanced":[122],"pool":[123,165],"10,000":[125],"very-hard":[126],"multiple-choice":[127],"questions":[128,154],"using":[129],"task-conditioned":[130],"prompts":[131],"that":[132],"enforce":[133],"multi-step":[134],"quantitative":[135],"under":[137],"uncertainty":[138],"worst-case":[140],"regret":[141],"minimization":[142],"multi-turn":[144],"horizons.":[145],"After":[146],"automated":[147],"filtering":[148],"expert":[150],"human":[151],"validation,":[152],"3,722":[153],"retained":[156],"high-confidence":[159],"evaluation":[160],"set,":[161],"while":[162,232],"full":[164],"is":[166],"released":[167],"to":[168,193,211,245],"support":[169,248],"training":[170],"fine-tuning":[172],"6G-specialized":[174],"models.":[175],"Using":[176],"evaluate":[179],"22":[180],"spanning":[183],"dense":[184],"mixture-of-experts":[186],"architectures,":[187],"short-":[188],"long-context":[190],"designs":[191],"(up":[192],"1M":[194],"tokens),":[195],"both":[197],"open-weight":[198],"proprietary":[200],"systems.":[201],"Across":[202],"models,":[203],"deterministic":[204],"single-shot":[205],"accuracy":[206,227],"(pass@1)":[207],"ranges":[208],"0.22":[210],"0.82,":[212],"highlighting":[213],"substantial":[214],"variation":[215],"capability.":[219],"Leading":[220],"achieve":[222],"intent":[223],"policy":[225],"range":[230],"0.87\u20130.89,":[231],"selective":[233],"robustness":[234],"analysis":[235],"reasoning-intensive":[237],"shows":[239],"pass@5":[240],"values":[241],"ranging":[242],"0.20":[244],"0.91.":[246],"To":[247],"science":[250],"reproducibility,":[252],"release":[254],"dataset":[257],"IEEEDataport:":[259],"https://dx.doi.org/10.21227/c8pt-hc87.":[260]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-12T07:58:50.170612","created_date":"2026-02-12T00:00:00"}
