{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7135021072","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3672889","title":"LoRa-PRIME: A Novel Secret Key Generation Framework Based on Periodic Bit Reversal and Modified Adaptive Quantization for Robust Cooperative Jamming LoRa Relay Networks","display_name":"LoRa-PRIME: A Novel Secret Key Generation Framework Based on Periodic Bit Reversal and Modified Adaptive Quantization for Robust Cooperative Jamming LoRa Relay Networks","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7135021072","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3672889"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3672889","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3672889","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3672889","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051366551","display_name":"Ida Anisah","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166843116","display_name":"Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05kbmmt89","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166843116"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ida Anisah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2284-3485","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166843116"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128880985","display_name":"Suwadi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166843116","display_name":"Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05kbmmt89","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166843116"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suwadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1900-9315","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166843116"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128817058","display_name":"Wirawan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166843116","display_name":"Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05kbmmt89","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166843116"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wirawan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0783-3710","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166843116"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128918691","display_name":"Mike Yuliana","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23758234","display_name":"Universitas Negeri Surabaya","ror":"https://ror.org/01jf74q70","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23758234"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153613","display_name":"Politeknik Elektronika Negeri Surabaya","ror":"https://ror.org/00cf3sf89","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387153613"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mike Yuliana","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Politeknik Elektronika Negeri Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8751-560X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Politeknik Elektronika Negeri Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23758234","https://openalex.org/I4387153613"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5051366551"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166843116"],"apc_list":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"apc_paid":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.53462103,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"2664","last_page":"2683"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.8486999869346619,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.8486999869346619,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.08839999884366989,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.015599999576807022,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key-generation","display_name":"Key generation","score":0.777999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.6272000074386597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jamming","display_name":"Jamming","score":0.5753999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/randomness","display_name":"Randomness","score":0.5694000124931335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantization","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","score":0.555400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.44679999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relay","display_name":"Relay","score":0.3930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.3693999946117401}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163173736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3308558","display_name":"Key generation","level":3,"score":0.777999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7343000173568726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.6272000074386597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779079576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17092823","display_name":"Jamming","level":2,"score":0.5753999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125112378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176640","display_name":"Randomness","level":2,"score":0.5694000124931335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28855332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q198099","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.555400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4999000132083893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.44679999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778156585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174053","display_name":"Relay","level":3,"score":0.3930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.3693999946117401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65302260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327675","display_name":"Symmetric-key algorithm","level":4,"score":0.3490000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3481000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.3273000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.31940001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.31150001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776542216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6398306","display_name":"Keying","level":2,"score":0.3109000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C510870077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7444868","display_name":"Secure communication","level":3,"score":0.30489999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99674996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414155","display_name":"Key exchange","level":4,"score":0.30219998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19247436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192727","display_name":"Physical layer","level":3,"score":0.29760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2896000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.27390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.25450000166893005}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3672889","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3672889","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:64513bb918ac4a549c7ce2d08acb8b56","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/64513bb918ac4a549c7ce2d08acb8b56","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, Vol 7, Pp 2664-2683 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3672889","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3672889","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8505673408508301,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Physical-layer":[0],"secret":[1],"key":[2,98,106,113,125],"generation":[3,114,126],"(SKG)":[4],"offers":[5],"a":[6],"lightweight":[7],"security":[8],"approach":[9],"for":[10,23,57,209],"resource-constrained":[11],"Internet":[12],"of":[13,138,165],"Things":[14],"(IoT)":[15],"devices.":[16],"However,":[17],"most":[18],"existing":[19],"methods":[20],"are":[21],"designed":[22],"direct":[24],"links":[25],"and":[26,62,79,112,148,175,205],"do":[27],"not":[28],"explicitly":[29],"address":[30],"relay-assisted":[31,210],"LoRa":[32,71,211],"networks.":[33],"This":[34],"paper":[35],"presents":[36],"LoRa-PRIME,":[37],"an":[38,203],"SKG":[39,195,207],"framework":[40],"that":[41,200],"combines":[42],"channel":[43,86,170],"probing,":[44,171],"Savitzky\u2013Golay":[45,83],"preprocessing,":[46],"modified":[47,102],"Adaptive":[48],"Dual-Threshold":[49],"Quantization":[50],"(ADQ),":[51],"Bose\u2013Chaudhuri\u2013Hocquenghem":[52],"(BCH)":[53],"reconciliation,":[54],"Periodic":[55],"Reversal":[56],"Keying":[58],"(PRK)":[59],"randomness":[60,133],"enhancement,":[61],"SHA-256":[63],"privacy":[64],"amplification.":[65],"Experiments":[66],"were":[67],"conducted":[68],"using":[69],"real":[70],"devices":[72],"under":[73],"indoor":[74,77,94,146],"line-of-sight":[75],"(LOS),":[76],"non-LOS,":[78],"outdoor":[80],"non-LOS":[81],"conditions.":[82],"filtering":[84],"increased":[85],"correlation":[87],"(e.g.,":[88],"from":[89,141],"0.7595":[90],"to":[91,110,117,128,143],"0.8443":[92],"in":[93,145,152],"LOS),":[95],"supporting":[96],"reliable":[97],"extraction.":[99],"The":[100,181],"4-bit":[101],"ADQ":[103],"achieved":[104],"higher":[105],"agreement":[107],"rates":[108,115],"(up":[109,116],"0.9745)":[111],"33.04":[118],"bps)":[119],"compared":[120],"with":[121,161],"Sky-Glow,":[122],"while":[123,172],"reducing":[124],"time":[127,167],"7.75":[129],"s/key.":[130],"PRK":[131],"improved":[132],"quality,":[134],"increasing":[135],"the":[136],"number":[137],"NIST-compliant":[139],"keys":[140],"4":[142],"14":[144],"LOS":[147],"showing":[149],"similar":[150],"improvements":[151],"other":[153],"environments.":[154],"Complexity":[155],"analysis":[156],"indicates":[157],"approximately":[158],"linear":[159],"O(N)scalability,":[160],"more":[162],"than":[163,191],"85%":[164],"execution":[166],"dominated":[168],"by":[169],"signal":[173],"processing":[174],"cryptographic":[176],"stages":[177],"introduce":[178],"minimal":[179],"overhead.":[180],"measured":[182],"energy":[183],"consumption":[184],"is":[185],"6.619":[186],"J":[187],"per":[188],"key,":[189],"lower":[190],"several":[192],"reported":[193],"LoRa-based":[194],"implementations.":[196],"These":[197],"results":[198],"suggest":[199],"LoRa-PRIME":[201],"provides":[202],"efficient":[204],"practical":[206],"solution":[208],"IoT":[212],"deployments.":[213]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2026-03-13T00:00:00"}
