{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7131244158","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3667708","title":"Unified Spatial Analytical Framework for Confirmed Uplinks in Multi-Gateway LoRaWAN Under Duty-Cycle Constraints","display_name":"Unified Spatial Analytical Framework for Confirmed Uplinks in Multi-Gateway LoRaWAN Under Duty-Cycle Constraints","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7131244158","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3667708"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3667708","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3667708","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3667708","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064730091","display_name":"Hong-Nhat Hoang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2360-6131"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4921948","display_name":"Pusan National University","ror":"https://ror.org/01an57a31","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4921948"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hong-Nhat Hoang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2360-6131","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4921948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126663547","display_name":"Kien Nguyen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159385669","display_name":"Chiba University","ror":"https://ror.org/01hjzeq58","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159385669"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kien Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Informatics, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0400-3084","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Informatics, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159385669"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077031664","display_name":"Hiroo Sekiya","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159385669","display_name":"Chiba University","ror":"https://ror.org/01hjzeq58","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159385669"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hiroo Sekiya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Informatics, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3557-1463","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Informatics, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159385669"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055722430","display_name":"Jong-Deok Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2914-7033"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4921948","display_name":"Pusan National University","ror":"https://ror.org/01an57a31","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4921948"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jong-Deok Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2914-7033","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4921948"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"apc_paid":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.16522494,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"1901","last_page":"1922"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.9894000291824341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.9894000291824341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13553","display_name":"Age of Information Optimization","score":0.002099999925121665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.0012000000569969416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.878600001335144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retransmission","display_name":"Retransmission","score":0.7937999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/default-gateway","display_name":"Default gateway","score":0.6204000115394592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.4851999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orthogonality","display_name":"Orthogonality","score":0.4374000132083893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heterogeneous-network","display_name":"Heterogeneous network","score":0.4047999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.39879998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gateway","display_name":"Gateway (web page)","score":0.398499995470047}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.878600001335144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180611318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7316902","display_name":"Retransmission","level":3,"score":0.7937999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7376000285148621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187713609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2465461","display_name":"Default gateway","level":2,"score":0.6204000115394592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5769000053405762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.4851999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4758000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17137986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215067","display_name":"Orthogonality","level":2,"score":0.4374000132083893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158207573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5747224","display_name":"Heterogeneous network","level":4,"score":0.4047999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.39879998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777710495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5527195","display_name":"Gateway (web page)","level":2,"score":0.398499995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3682999908924103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.36250001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.3540000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.31690001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124304363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q673661","display_name":"Abstraction","level":2,"score":0.3077999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85884896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574075","display_name":"Spatial multiplexing","level":4,"score":0.30160000920295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.3005000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.29510000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159620131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Spatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.2583000063896179}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3667708","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3667708","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3667708","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3667708","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Confirmed":[0],"uplinks":[1],"in":[2,37,91,149],"LoRaWAN":[3,93],"improve":[4],"reliability":[5],"by":[6,180],"requiring":[7],"acknowledgment":[8,26],"feedback":[9],"from":[10],"the":[11,190],"network.":[12],"However,":[13],"gateway":[14,140,204],"constraints":[15],"such":[16],"as":[17,101],"half-duplex":[18],"operation":[19],"and":[20,30,45,74,104,112,124,129,158,188,193,206],"duty-cycle":[21,96],"limitations":[22],"often":[23],"prevent":[24],"timely":[25],"delivery,":[27],"triggering":[28],"retransmissions":[29],"degrading":[31],"performance.":[32],"These":[33],"challenges":[34],"are":[35],"compounded":[36],"multi-gateway":[38,69,92],"deployments,":[39],"where":[40],"overlapping":[41],"coverage,":[42],"correlated":[43],"reception,":[44],"spatial":[46,75,118,167],"interference":[47,76],"create":[48],"tightly":[49],"coupled":[50],"uplink-downlink":[51],"dynamics.":[52],"While":[53],"prior":[54],"analytical":[55],"models":[56],"capture":[57,139],"parts":[58],"of":[59,196],"this":[60,80],"behavior,":[61],"a":[62,84,102,116,133],"unified":[63],"framework":[64,99],"that":[65,174],"jointly":[66],"accounts":[67],"for":[68,89,109],"topology,":[70],"heterogeneous":[71,125],"bi-directional":[72,134],"traffic,":[73],"remains":[77],"limited.":[78],"In":[79],"paper,":[81],"we":[82],"propose":[83],"Unified":[85],"Spatial":[86],"Analytical":[87],"Framework":[88],"confirmed-uplinks":[90],"under":[94],"percentage-based":[95],"constraints.":[97],"The":[98],"serves":[100],"fast":[103],"scalable":[105],"what-if":[106],"diagnostic":[107,170],"engine":[108],"network":[110],"planning":[111],"configuration.":[113],"It":[114],"combines":[115],"hex-cell":[117],"abstraction":[119],"with":[120,132,161],"imperfect":[121],"spreading-factor":[122],"orthogonality":[123],"traffic":[126],"classes":[127],"(NAPP/PAPP/CAPP),":[128],"couples":[130],"these":[131],"M/G/1/1":[135],"renewal":[136],"model":[137],"to":[138],"transmission":[141],"availability.":[142],"Validation":[143],"against":[144],"NS-3":[145],"shows":[146],"high":[147],"fidelity":[148],"predicting":[150],"key":[151],"performance":[152,175],"indicators":[153],"(uplink":[154],"success,":[155,157],"downlink":[156,181,202,207],"retransmission":[159],"overhead),":[160],"errors":[162],"below":[163],"10%":[164],"at":[165],"fine":[166],"resolution.":[168],"Finally,":[169],"case":[171],"studies":[172],"reveal":[173],"collapse":[176],"is":[177],"primarily":[178],"driven":[179],"capacity":[182],"starvation":[183],"(rather":[184],"than":[185],"uplink":[186],"collisions)":[187],"expose":[189],"limitation":[191],"regimes":[192],"fairness":[194],"trade-offs":[195],"representative":[197],"mitigation":[198],"levers,":[199],"including":[200],"load-balance":[201],"assignment,":[203],"densification,":[205],"airtime":[208],"reduction.":[209]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-04T07:04:00.330322","created_date":"2026-02-25T00:00:00"}