{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7130680999","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3666573","title":"Reducing the Energy Footprint of 5G: A gNB on MPSoC With Low-Power FFT Acceleration","display_name":"Reducing the Energy Footprint of 5G: A gNB on MPSoC With Low-Power FFT Acceleration","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7130680999","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3666573"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3666573","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3666573","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3666573","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106953961","display_name":"Abdelghani Bourenane","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162290304","display_name":"Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna","ror":"https://ror.org/025602r80","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdelghani Bourenane","raw_affiliation_strings":["Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6625-835X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072597020","display_name":"Emilio Paolini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7486-9268"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162290304","display_name":"Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna","ror":"https://ror.org/025602r80","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emilio Paolini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7486-9268","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016101884","display_name":"Nicola Andriolli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8322-6854"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicola Andriolli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering (DII), University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8322-6854","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering (DII), University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Luca Valcarenghi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6695-5032"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162290304","display_name":"Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna","ror":"https://ror.org/025602r80","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luca Valcarenghi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6695-5032","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"apc_paid":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.12691997,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"1889","last_page":"1900"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.32120001316070557,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.32120001316070557,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.1988999992609024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":0.09920000284910202,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mpsoc","display_name":"MPSoC","score":0.8367000222206116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.7177000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acceleration","display_name":"Acceleration","score":0.6676999926567078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fast-fourier-transform","display_name":"Fast Fourier transform","score":0.6298999786376953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.5758000016212463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.5734999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.5426999926567078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speedup","display_name":"Speedup","score":0.5199000239372253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-acceleration","display_name":"Hardware acceleration","score":0.4950000047683716}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777187653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q975106","display_name":"MPSoC","level":3,"score":0.8367000222206116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7215999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.7177000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117896860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11376","display_name":"Acceleration","level":2,"score":0.6676999926567078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75172450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q623950","display_name":"Fast Fourier transform","level":2,"score":0.6298999786376953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.5758000016212463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.5734999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5426999926567078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.5404999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68339613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1549489","display_name":"Speedup","level":2,"score":0.5199000239372253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13164978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q600158","display_name":"Hardware acceleration","level":3,"score":0.4950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.4465999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4165000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.4052000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132943942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2562511","display_name":"Footprint","level":2,"score":0.3806000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77390884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217302","display_name":"Application-specific integrated circuit","level":2,"score":0.37439998984336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118021083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q610398","display_name":"System on a chip","level":2,"score":0.3495999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.33899998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.33809998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776221188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21072556","display_name":"Design space exploration","level":2,"score":0.3248000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984118289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29954","display_name":"Power consumption","level":3,"score":0.3091999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151201525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177239","display_name":"Limit (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.29829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C459310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117801","display_name":"Computational science","level":1,"score":0.28999999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.2831000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102519508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6520159","display_name":"Fourier transform","level":2,"score":0.27570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49154492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5300","display_name":"Central processing unit","level":2,"score":0.274399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.25540000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58013763","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5754574","display_name":"High-level synthesis","level":3,"score":0.2533999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520301825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380170","display_name":"Energy conservation","level":2,"score":0.25270000100135803}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3666573","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3666573","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arpi.unipi.it:11568/1358728","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11568/1358728","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196265","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (University of Pisa)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","host_organization_name":"University of Pisa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.iris.sssup.it:11382/588073","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11382/588073","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196376","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I162290304","host_organization_name":"Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3666573","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3666573","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.9013651609420776}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5241324029","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PE00000001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331528","funder_display_name":"Ministero dell'Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6026832041","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"101140087","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319005","funder_display_name":"Key Digital Technologies Joint Undertaking"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7205771190","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PE00000001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7247891303","display_name":"Scalable and Quantum Resilient Heterogeneous Edge Computing enabling Trustworthy AI","funder_award_id":"101140087","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320317295","display_name":"Dipartimenti di Eccellenza","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319005","display_name":"Key Digital Technologies Joint Undertaking","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321873","display_name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","ror":"https://ror.org/0166hxq48"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331528","display_name":"Ministero dell'Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1773704993","https://openalex.org/W2052608095","https://openalex.org/W2588398785","https://openalex.org/W2999153292","https://openalex.org/W3023560702","https://openalex.org/W3124479229","https://openalex.org/W3207047766","https://openalex.org/W3209240452","https://openalex.org/W3213671725","https://openalex.org/W3217596786","https://openalex.org/W4220827946","https://openalex.org/W4295832472","https://openalex.org/W4317796310","https://openalex.org/W4387753666","https://openalex.org/W4388430342","https://openalex.org/W4389104915","https://openalex.org/W4400973820","https://openalex.org/W4402157964","https://openalex.org/W4411406309"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Open,":[0],"virtualized":[1],"architectures":[2],"are":[3,21],"reshaping":[4],"cellular":[5],"networks,":[6],"but":[7],"purely":[8],"software-based":[9],"5G":[10,128,214],"deployments":[11],"often":[12,22],"struggle":[13],"to":[14,36,87,98,143,147,160,195],"meet":[15],"strict":[16],"real-time":[17],"requirements.":[18],"Thus,":[19],"accelerators":[20],"utilised":[23],"even":[24],"at":[25],"the":[26,37,75,78,108,118,122,127,138,176,210],"expense":[27],"of":[28,77],"a":[29,105,168,180],"high":[30],"energy":[31,100,162,182,188,206],"consumption,":[32],"in":[33,64,74,126],"part":[34],"due":[35],"overhead":[38],"introduced":[39],"by":[40,60,69,121,190],"host-to-device":[41],"data":[42],"transfers.":[43],"In":[44],"this":[45],"paper,":[46],"we":[47,81],"propose":[48],"and":[49,96,208],"demonstrate":[50,136],"an":[51,65],"energy-efficient":[52,201],"solution":[53,109],"that":[54,91,137],"accelerates":[55],"Fast":[56,153],"Fourier":[57,154],"Transform":[58,155],"computations":[59],"placing":[61,70],"Low-PHY":[62],"functions":[63,73],"MPSoC":[66],"FPGA.":[67],"Moreover,":[68],"High-PHY":[71],"layer":[72],"CPU":[76],"same":[79],"MPSoC,":[80,107],"eliminate":[82],"host-to-accelerator":[83],"bottlenecks":[84],"(e.g.,":[85],"accelerator":[86],"processor":[88],"transfer":[89],"time)":[90],"typically":[92],"limit":[93],"hardware":[94,184,197],"speedups":[95],"contribute":[97],"unnecessary":[99],"expenditure.":[101],"Though":[102],"implemented":[103],"into":[104],"single":[106],"is":[110],"compatible":[111],"with":[112],"Open":[113],"RAN":[114],"solutions,":[115],"such":[116],"as":[117],"one":[119],"proposed":[120],"Small":[123],"Cell":[124],"Forum":[125],"function":[129],"application":[130],"platform":[131],"interface.Experimental":[132],"results":[133],"using":[134],"OpenAirInterface":[135],"MPSoC-based":[139],"approach":[140],"achieves":[141],"up":[142],"13\u00d7":[144],"speedup":[145],"compared":[146],"CPU-based":[148],"implementations,":[149],"particularly":[150],"for":[151,199,212],"larger":[152],"sizes,":[156],"which":[157],"directly":[158],"contributes":[159],"reduced":[161],"consumption":[163,171,207],"per":[164],"processed":[165],"task.":[166],"Furthermore,":[167],"detailed":[169],"power":[170],"analysis":[172],"shows":[173],"that,":[174],"while":[175],"processing":[177],"system":[178],"remains":[179],"significant":[181],"consumer,":[183],"acceleration":[185],"enhances":[186],"overall":[187],"efficiency":[189],"shifting":[191],"computationally":[192],"intensive":[193],"tasks":[194],"dedicated":[196],"optimized":[198],"parallel,":[200],"processing,":[202],"substantially":[203],"reducing":[204],"their":[205],"paving":[209],"way":[211],"greener":[213],"deployments.":[215]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2026-02-21T00:00:00"}