{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415141078","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3656366","title":"AI-Native Open RAN for Non-Terrestrial Networks: An Overview","display_name":"AI-Native Open RAN for Non-Terrestrial Networks: An Overview","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415141078","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3656366"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3656366","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3656366","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3656366","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110254016","display_name":"Jiaqi Deng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6132-2854"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jikang Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["CEMSE Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CEMSE Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"S. Fizza Hasan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7742-7111"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Fizza Hasan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Interdisciplinary Research Center for Communication Systems and Sensing, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Interdisciplinary Research Center for Communication Systems and Sensing, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Hui Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3950-3210"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I73417466","display_name":"Coventry University","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgmhj36","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I73417466"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hui Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Future Transport and Cities, Coventry University, Coventry, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Future Transport and Cities, Coventry University, Coventry, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I73417466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Saad Al-Ahmadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4329-1448"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saad Al-Ahmadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Interdisciplinary Research Center for Communication Systems and Sensing, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Interdisciplinary Research Center for Communication Systems and Sensing, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083193286","display_name":"Mohamed\u2010Slim Alouini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4827-1793"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed-Slim Alouini","raw_affiliation_strings":["CEMSE Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CEMSE Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021191255","display_name":"Daniel Benevides da Costa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5439-7475"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel B. Da Costa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Interdisciplinary Research Center for Communication Systems and Sensing, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Interdisciplinary Research Center for Communication Systems and Sensing, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5110254016"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"],"apc_list":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"apc_paid":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.00376016,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"1033","last_page":"1057"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9452999830245972,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9452999830245972,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/devops","display_name":"DevOps","score":0.4903999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.48429998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/component","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","score":0.39160001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/next-generation-network","display_name":"Next-generation network","score":0.3573000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ran","display_name":"Ran","score":0.31200000643730164}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5365999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9903902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3025536","display_name":"DevOps","level":3,"score":0.4903999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.48429998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.39160001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.38429999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3709000051021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.37059998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110994511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q661020","display_name":"Next-generation network","level":3,"score":0.3573000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.32600000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160704184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18031028","display_name":"Ran","level":2,"score":0.31200000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778464652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309849","display_name":"Open research","level":2,"score":0.3043000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2962000072002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123138037","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5570871","display_name":"Global network","level":2,"score":0.28769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.2833999991416931}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3656366","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3656366","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire/82114ed2-6c5f-4ec2-96de-a98d0d3dc629","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pureportal.coventry.ac.uk/en/publications/82114ed2-6c5f-4ec2-96de-a98d0d3dc629","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402411","display_name":"Pure (Coventry University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I73417466","host_organization_name":"Coventry University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I73417466"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Deng, J, Hasan, S F, Zhou, H, Al-Ahmadi, S, Alouini, M-S & Costa, D B D 2026, 'AI-Native Open RAN for Non-Terrestrial Networks : An Overview', IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, vol. 7, pp. 1033-1057. https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2026.3656366","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2507.11935","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2507.11935","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2507.11935","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2507.11935","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2507.11935","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3656366","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2026.3656366","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Non-terrestrial":[0],"network":[1,20,110],"(NTN)":[2],"is":[3,54,82],"envisioned":[4],"as":[5],"a":[6,55,75,131],"critical":[7],"component":[8],"of":[9,29,78,95,136,148,200],"Sixth":[10],"Generation":[11],"(6G)":[12],"networks":[13],"by":[14],"enabling":[15],"ubiquitous":[16],"services":[17],"and":[18,26,37,65,73,112,133,152,161,180,193],"enhancing":[19],"resilience.":[21],"However,":[22],"the":[23,35,48,92,105,149,155,167,174,189,195],"inherent":[24],"mobility":[25],"high-altitude":[27],"operation":[28],"NTN":[30,80,178],"pose":[31],"significant":[32],"challenges":[33,94,169],"throughout":[34],"development":[36],"operations":[38],"(DevOps)":[39],"lifecycle.":[40],"To":[41],"address":[42,91],"these":[43],"challenges,":[44],"integrating":[45],"NTNs":[46,118],"with":[47,144],"Open":[49],"Radio":[50],"Access":[51],"Network":[52],"(ORAN)":[53],"promising":[56],"approach,":[57],"since":[58],"ORAN":[59,72,88,138],"can":[60,89],"offer":[61],"disaggregation,":[62],"openness,":[63],"virtualization,":[64],"embedded":[66],"intelligence.":[67],"Despite":[68],"extensive":[69],"literature":[70,151],"on":[71],"NTN,":[74,160,171],"holistic":[76],"view":[77],"ORAN-based":[79,177],"frameworks":[81],"still":[83],"lacking,":[84],"particularly":[85],"regarding":[86],"how":[87],"effectively":[90],"existing":[93,150],"NTN.":[96,140],"Furthermore,":[97],"although":[98],"artificial":[99],"intelligence":[100,109],"native":[101],"(AI-Native)":[102],"capabilities":[103],"have":[104],"potential":[106],"to":[107],"enhance":[108],"control":[111],"optimization,":[113],"their":[114],"practical":[115],"realization":[116],"in":[117,126],"has":[119],"not":[120],"yet":[121],"been":[122],"sufficiently":[123],"investigated.":[124],"Therefore,":[125],"this":[127,201],"paper,":[128],"we":[129,172,187],"provide":[130],"comprehensive":[132],"structured":[134],"overview":[135],"AI-Native":[137,162,176],"for":[139,163,170],"This":[141],"paper":[142],"commences":[143],"an":[145],"in-depth":[146],"review":[147],"subsequently":[153],"introduces":[154],"necessary":[156],"background":[157],"about":[158],"ORAN,":[159],"communication.":[164],"After":[165],"analyzing":[166],"DevOps":[168],"propose":[173],"orchestrated":[175],"framework":[179],"discuss":[181],"its":[182],"key":[183],"technological":[184],"enablers.":[185],"Finally,":[186],"present":[188],"representative":[190],"use":[191],"cases":[192],"outline":[194],"prospective":[196],"future":[197],"research":[198],"directions":[199],"study.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-17T18:11:37.981687","created_date":"2025-10-14T00:00:00"}