{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7117883685","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3650132","title":"Cybersecurity of High-Altitude Platform Stations: Threat Taxonomy, Attacks and Defenses With Standards Mapping\u2014DDoS Attack Use Case","display_name":"Cybersecurity of High-Altitude Platform Stations: Threat Taxonomy, Attacks and Defenses With Standards Mapping\u2014DDoS Attack Use Case","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7117883685","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3650132"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3650132","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3650132","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3650132","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120554747","display_name":"Chaouki Hjaiji","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800887215","display_name":"Tunisia Polytechnic School","ror":"https://ror.org/00dse3307","country_code":"TN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800887215"]}],"countries":["TN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chaouki Hjaiji","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ecole Polytechnique de Tunisie, La Marsa, Tunisia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ecole Polytechnique de Tunisie, La Marsa, Tunisia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800887215"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051699271","display_name":"Bassem Ouni","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087059","display_name":"Technology Innovation Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/001kv2y39","country_code":"AE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087059"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110242","display_name":"Digital Science (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/020h4b682","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110242","https://openalex.org/I4210112888","https://openalex.org/I4210118830"]}],"countries":["AE","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bassem Ouni","raw_affiliation_strings":["AI and Digital Science Research Center, Technology Innovation Institute, Abu Dhabi, UAE"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AI and Digital Science Research Center, Technology Innovation Institute, Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087059","https://openalex.org/I4210110242"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121715657","display_name":"Mohamed-Slim Alouini","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed-Slim Alouini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5120554747"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800887215"],"apc_list":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"apc_paid":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.00806508,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"328","last_page":"352"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.7044000029563904,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.7044000029563904,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.1996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.005400000140070915,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principal","display_name":"Principal (computer security)","score":0.6518999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scope","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","score":0.6111000180244446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion","display_name":"Intrusion","score":0.5303000211715698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standardization","display_name":"Standardization","score":0.5248000025749207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interoperability","display_name":"Interoperability","score":0.501800000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.4932999908924103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.44760000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autonomy","display_name":"Autonomy","score":0.41499999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.37059998512268066}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.7671999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144559511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2986279","display_name":"Principal (computer security)","level":2,"score":0.6518999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.6111000180244446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5927000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158251709","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q354025","display_name":"Intrusion","level":2,"score":0.5303000211715698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188087704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q369577","display_name":"Standardization","level":2,"score":0.5248000025749207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20136886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749647","display_name":"Interoperability","level":2,"score":0.501800000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.4932999908924103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.44760000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65414064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484105","display_name":"Autonomy","level":2,"score":0.41499999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.37059998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207267971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120208","display_name":"Emerging technologies","level":2,"score":0.3684999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.35839998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140547941","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7797194","display_name":"Threat model","level":2,"score":0.3402000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29852176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373338","display_name":"Critical infrastructure","level":2,"score":0.31769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.3125999867916107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.3122999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3068000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.2930999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2881999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.28209999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2815999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.26440000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C528167355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q258307","display_name":"National security","level":2,"score":0.26420000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.2612999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154908896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2167404","display_name":"Security policy","level":2,"score":0.25699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781251061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416089","display_name":"Evasion (ethics)","level":3,"score":0.25459998846054077}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3650132","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3650132","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:fbd2eda511e645df9d9dfaf066ae7c8d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/fbd2eda511e645df9d9dfaf066ae7c8d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, Vol 7, Pp 328-352 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3650132","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3650132","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","score":0.42533913254737854}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2056075452","https://openalex.org/W2114791139","https://openalex.org/W2464661970","https://openalex.org/W2588775896","https://openalex.org/W2749040653","https://openalex.org/W2762776925","https://openalex.org/W2888024549","https://openalex.org/W2889165715","https://openalex.org/W2905628336","https://openalex.org/W2906037864","https://openalex.org/W2914521857","https://openalex.org/W2959627510","https://openalex.org/W2963391384","https://openalex.org/W2963857521","https://openalex.org/W2983729222","https://openalex.org/W3003438155","https://openalex.org/W3004079980","https://openalex.org/W3043963370","https://openalex.org/W3145177287","https://openalex.org/W3148425738","https://openalex.org/W3156195074","https://openalex.org/W3171269949","https://openalex.org/W3191703350","https://openalex.org/W4220657280","https://openalex.org/W4225484397","https://openalex.org/W4226283811","https://openalex.org/W4229336738","https://openalex.org/W4232815244","https://openalex.org/W4236742749","https://openalex.org/W4281887730","https://openalex.org/W4285813842","https://openalex.org/W4311165836","https://openalex.org/W4311625854","https://openalex.org/W4312436517","https://openalex.org/W4360897677","https://openalex.org/W4387870662","https://openalex.org/W4387871018","https://openalex.org/W4388895097","https://openalex.org/W4389610128","https://openalex.org/W4393067776","https://openalex.org/W4396794701","https://openalex.org/W4400308050","https://openalex.org/W4400624947","https://openalex.org/W4405736650","https://openalex.org/W4405787298","https://openalex.org/W4409356561","https://openalex.org/W4409581288","https://openalex.org/W4409592954","https://openalex.org/W4410721769","https://openalex.org/W4413982653"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"High-Altitude":[0],"Platform":[1],"Stations":[2],"(HAPS)":[3],"are":[4],"emerging":[5,117],"stratospheric":[6,41],"nodes":[7],"within":[8],"non-terrestrial":[9],"networks.":[10],"We":[11,74,86,149],"provide":[12],"a":[13,36,125],"structured":[14],"overview":[15],"of":[16,72],"HAPS":[17,92,168],"subsystems":[18],"and":[19,25,31,34,60,69,82,95,100,107,109,119,140,143,160],"principal":[20],"communication":[21],"links,":[22],"map":[23],"cybersecurity":[24],"privacy":[26],"exposure":[27],"across":[28],"communication,":[29],"control,":[30],"power":[32],"subsystems,":[33],"propose":[35],"stratosphere-aware":[37],"threat":[38],"taxonomy.":[39],"The":[40,156],"operating":[42],"regime":[43],"imposes":[44],"unique":[45],"constraints\u2013wide":[46],"temperature":[47],"cycling,":[48],"radiation-induced":[49],"soft":[50],"errors,":[51],"long-duration":[52],"autonomy":[53],"with":[54,116,151],"intermittent":[55],"backhaul,":[56],"limited":[57],"physical":[58],"access,":[59],"heterogeneous":[61],"RF/FSO":[62],"links\u2013that":[63],"shape":[64],"both":[65],"the":[66,70],"attack":[67],"surface":[68],"feasibility":[71],"defenses.":[73],"foreground":[75],"these":[76],"constraints":[77],"to":[78,131,147,162],"motivate":[79],"design":[80],"choices":[81],"scope":[83],"realistic":[84],"mitigations.":[85],"then":[87],"discuss":[88],"defenses":[89],"feasible":[90],"under":[91],"constraints\u2013including":[93],"encryption":[94],"authentication,":[96],"frequency":[97],"agility,":[98],"directional":[99],"beam-steered":[101],"antennas,":[102],"intrusion":[103],"detection,":[104],"secure":[105],"boot,":[106],"software":[108],"supply-chain":[110],"assurance\u2013while":[111],"highlighting":[112],"how":[113],"they":[114],"align":[115],"regulatory":[118,142],"standards":[120],"guidance.":[121],"Finally,":[122],"we":[123],"report":[124],"simulation-based":[126],"case":[127],"study":[128,157],"using":[129],"OMNeT++/INET":[130],"characterize":[132],"distributed-denial-of-service":[133],"(DDoS)":[134],"impact":[135],"on":[136],"service-and":[137],"control-plane":[138],"availability,":[139],"summarize":[141],"standardization":[144],"considerations":[145],"relevant":[146],"deployment.":[148],"conclude":[150],"concrete":[152],"future":[153],"research":[154],"directions.":[155],"is":[158],"simulation-grounded":[159],"intended":[161],"inform":[163],"engineering":[164],"trade-offs":[165],"for":[166],"real-world":[167],"deployments":[169],"rather":[170],"than":[171],"serve":[172],"as":[173],"an":[174],"on-air":[175],"validation.":[176]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-04T09:10:02.777135","created_date":"2026-01-01T00:00:00"}
