{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7117484811","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3649235","title":"mmGAN: Semi-Supervised GAN for Improved Gesture Recognition in mmWave ISAC Systems","display_name":"mmGAN: Semi-Supervised GAN for Improved Gesture Recognition in mmWave ISAC Systems","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7117484811","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3649235"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3649235","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3649235","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3649235","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008268707","display_name":"Nabeel Nisar Bhat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2375-8618"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149213910","display_name":"University of Antwerp","ror":"https://ror.org/008x57b05","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nabeel Nisar Bhat","raw_affiliation_strings":["IDLab - imec Research Group, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2375-8618","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IDLab - imec Research Group, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101767920","display_name":"Siddhartha Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3610-6440"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109626","display_name":"Qamcom Research and Technology (Sweden)","ror":"https://ror.org/01jkn7h76","country_code":"SE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210109626"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siddhartha Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qamcom Research and Technology AB, Gothenburg, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3610-6440","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qamcom Research and Technology AB, Gothenburg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109626"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103071061","display_name":"Mohammad Hossein Moghaddam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2915-8250"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109626","display_name":"Qamcom Research and Technology (Sweden)","ror":"https://ror.org/01jkn7h76","country_code":"SE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210109626"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Hossein Moghaddam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qamcom Research and Technology AB, Gothenburg, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qamcom Research and Technology AB, Gothenburg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109626"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035645727","display_name":"Jakob Struye","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1360-7672"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149213910","display_name":"University of Antwerp","ror":"https://ror.org/008x57b05","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jakob Struye","raw_affiliation_strings":["IDLab - imec Research Group, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1360-7672","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IDLab - imec Research Group, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121477746","display_name":"Jesus Omar Lacruz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802499160","display_name":"IMDEA Networks","ror":"https://ror.org/04mm9fg30","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I105140100","https://openalex.org/I2802499160"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jesus Omar Lacruz","raw_affiliation_strings":["IMDEA Networks Institute, Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6641-2003","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IMDEA Networks Institute, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802499160"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015617312","display_name":"Jacopo Pegoraro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3555-5666"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138689650","display_name":"University of Padua","ror":"https://ror.org/00240q980","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jacopo Pegoraro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering, University of Padua, Padua, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3555-5666","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Padua, Padua, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060924094","display_name":"Joerg Widmer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802499160","display_name":"IMDEA Networks","ror":"https://ror.org/04mm9fg30","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I105140100","https://openalex.org/I2802499160"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joerg Widmer","raw_affiliation_strings":["IMDEA Networks Institute, Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6667-8779","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IMDEA Networks Institute, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802499160"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017565613","display_name":"Rafael Berkvens","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0064-5020"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149213910","display_name":"University of Antwerp","ror":"https://ror.org/008x57b05","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rafael Berkvens","raw_affiliation_strings":["IDLab - imec Research Group, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0064-5020","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IDLab - imec Research Group, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047378679","display_name":"Jeroen Famaey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3587-1354"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149213910","display_name":"University of Antwerp","ror":"https://ror.org/008x57b05","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeroen Famaey","raw_affiliation_strings":["IDLab - imec Research Group, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3587-1354","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IDLab - imec Research Group, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008268707"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"],"apc_list":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"apc_paid":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.55978518,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"95","last_page":"117"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.5756999850273132,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.5756999850273132,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.041600000113248825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10986","display_name":"RFID technology advancements","score":0.03869999945163727,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labeled-data","display_name":"Labeled data","score":0.578499972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regularization","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","score":0.5418000221252441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gesture","display_name":"Gesture","score":0.48500001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.46549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gesture-recognition","display_name":"Gesture recognition","score":0.3991999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplexing","display_name":"Multiplexing","score":0.38670000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.3752000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-of-learning","display_name":"Transfer of learning","score":0.3677000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.3619999885559082}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8179000020027161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776145971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30673951","display_name":"Labeled data","level":2,"score":0.578499972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776135515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17143721","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5418000221252441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5393000245094299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207347870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371174","display_name":"Gesture","level":2,"score":0.48500001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.46549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4004000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159437735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1519524","display_name":"Gesture recognition","level":3,"score":0.3991999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19275194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q222903","display_name":"Multiplexing","level":2,"score":0.38670000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3752000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.3677000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.35440000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.34790000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.32910001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.3237999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151876577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7049464","display_name":"Nonlinear dimensionality reduction","level":3,"score":0.31369999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.3061000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3027999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174348530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188635","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","level":2,"score":0.2971999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40409654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q375889","display_name":"Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing","level":3,"score":0.2924000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58973888","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1041418","display_name":"Semi-supervised learning","level":2,"score":0.2897999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133462117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4929239","display_name":"Data collection","level":2,"score":0.2824000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.265500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.25529998540878296}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3649235","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3649235","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:doi:10.5281/zenodo.18595773","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3649235","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3649235","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6462911367416382,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4655322237","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1SH5X24N","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321730","funder_display_name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6547192122","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"101095759","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321730","funder_display_name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321730","display_name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","ror":"https://ror.org/03qtxy027"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2085963752","https://openalex.org/W2111953900","https://openalex.org/W2128728535","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2593414223","https://openalex.org/W2593768305","https://openalex.org/W2766293776","https://openalex.org/W2884805522","https://openalex.org/W2938514801","https://openalex.org/W2950821050","https://openalex.org/W2952065976","https://openalex.org/W2962793481","https://openalex.org/W2963684088","https://openalex.org/W2963890275","https://openalex.org/W2969645632","https://openalex.org/W2993827264","https://openalex.org/W2997530752","https://openalex.org/W3021587713","https://openalex.org/W3034942609","https://openalex.org/W3041133507","https://openalex.org/W3042570042","https://openalex.org/W3047296477","https://openalex.org/W3080107833","https://openalex.org/W3088369757","https://openalex.org/W3109270207","https://openalex.org/W3121523871","https://openalex.org/W3129773144","https://openalex.org/W3131860561","https://openalex.org/W3134263667","https://openalex.org/W3134524169","https://openalex.org/W3155085426","https://openalex.org/W3184606595","https://openalex.org/W3194620979","https://openalex.org/W3196221233","https://openalex.org/W3209967401","https://openalex.org/W3211231951","https://openalex.org/W3211270128","https://openalex.org/W3216759837","https://openalex.org/W4213434283","https://openalex.org/W4284880289","https://openalex.org/W4285124880","https://openalex.org/W4285264320","https://openalex.org/W4285815086","https://openalex.org/W4287322212","https://openalex.org/W4295308268","https://openalex.org/W4312829261","https://openalex.org/W4312918798","https://openalex.org/W4322627157","https://openalex.org/W4385485252","https://openalex.org/W4386260394","https://openalex.org/W4386692308","https://openalex.org/W4387195417","https://openalex.org/W4387527746","https://openalex.org/W4392061712","https://openalex.org/W4394876672","https://openalex.org/W4399665748","https://openalex.org/W4401077712","https://openalex.org/W4402188959","https://openalex.org/W4411600206"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Integrated":[0],"sensing":[1,21,38,51,211],"and":[2,46,53,66,88,92,133,165,239,261,271],"communication":[3,17],"(ISAC)":[4],"has":[5,32,67],"gained":[6],"significant":[7,202],"traction":[8],"in":[9,40,99,213,283],"recent":[10],"years,":[11],"primarily":[12],"because":[13],"it":[14],"allows":[15],"existing":[16],"infrastructure":[18],"to":[19,35,82,103,136,179,208,278,301],"support":[20],"applications":[22,41],"with":[23,169],"minimal":[24],"additional":[25],"costs.":[26],"In":[27],"particular,":[28],"millimeter-wave":[29],"(mmWave)":[30],"ISAC":[31,214,287],"the":[33,166,173,186,201,220,234,244,268,276,295],"potential":[34],"offer":[36],"improved":[37],"performance":[39,212,226,235,257,282],"such":[42],"as":[43,192],"pose":[44],"estimation":[45],"gesture":[47,118,139,280],"recognition.":[48,119],"For":[49],"complex":[50],"tasks":[52,77],"environments,":[54],"data-driven":[55],"sensing,":[56],"which":[57],"relies":[58],"on":[59,129,145,243],"deep":[60,72],"learning,":[61,199],"is":[62,96,275],"becoming":[63],"increasingly":[64],"popular":[65],"shown":[68],"promising":[69],"results.":[70],"However,":[71],"learning":[73,292],"models":[74,242],"for":[75,116,126,196],"these":[76,105],"require":[78],"large":[79],"labeled":[80,174],"datasets":[81],"achieve":[83],"high":[84],"accuracy.":[85],"Dataset":[86],"collection":[87],"labeling":[89],"are":[90],"labor-intensive":[91],"time-consuming.":[93],"Consequently,":[94],"there":[95],"growing":[97],"interest":[98],"leveraging":[100,205],"unlabeled":[101,206],"data":[102,207],"overcome":[104],"challenges.":[106],"To":[107],"address":[108],"this,":[109],"we":[110,250],"propose":[111,121],"mmGAN,":[112],"a":[113,122,146,193,290],"semi-supervised":[114,238,291],"method":[115,190],"ISAC-based":[117],"We":[120,142],"novel":[123],"loss":[124,222],"function":[125,223],"mmGAN":[127,144,164,176,231,256],"based":[128],"softplus,":[130],"feature":[131],"matching,":[132],"manifold":[134],"regularization":[135],"significantly":[137,232],"improve":[138],"recognition":[140,281],"performance.":[141],"evaluate":[143,279],"5G":[147,284],"Orthogonal":[148],"Frequency":[149],"Division":[150],"Multiplexing":[151],"(OFDM)":[152],"mmWave":[153,286],"dataset":[154],"comprising":[155],"power":[156],"per":[157],"beam":[158],"pair":[159],"measurements.":[160],"When":[161],"training":[162],"both":[163],"supervised":[167,187,241],"baseline":[168],"only":[170],"0.6%":[171],"of":[172,204,255],"data,":[175],"demonstrates":[177],"up":[178],"25":[180],"percentage":[181],"points":[182],"higher":[183],"accuracy":[184],"than":[185],"baseline.":[188],"Our":[189,216],"serves":[191],"strong":[194],"foundation":[195],"cross-subject":[197],"transfer":[198],"demonstrating":[200],"value":[203],"enhance":[209],"cross-domain":[210],"systems.":[215],"results":[217],"demonstrate":[218],"that":[219],"proposed":[221],"achieves":[224],"superior":[225],"across":[227],"diverse":[228],"subjects.":[229],"Further,":[230],"narrows":[233],"gap":[236],"between":[237],"fully":[240],"publicly":[245],"available":[246],"Widar":[247],"dataset.":[248],"Moreover,":[249],"provide":[251],"an":[252],"interpretable":[253],"analysis":[254],"through":[258],"saliency":[259],"maps":[260],"ablation":[262],"studies,":[263],"revealing":[264],"key":[265],"insights":[266],"into":[267],"model\u2019s":[269],"behavior":[270],"generalization.":[272],"This":[273],"work":[274],"first":[277],"OFDM":[285],"systems":[288],"using":[289],"approach,":[293],"covering":[294],"entire":[296],"pipeline":[297],"from":[298],"testbed":[299],"implementation":[300],"model":[302],"evaluation.":[303]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-01-11T23:08:45.486102","created_date":"2025-12-29T00:00:00"}
