{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416582666","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3636292","title":"Large-Scale IoT Sensor Network Planning Based on Empirical NB-IoT and LTE CAT-M Measurements for Underground Water System","display_name":"Large-Scale IoT Sensor Network Planning Based on Empirical NB-IoT and LTE CAT-M Measurements for Underground Water System","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416582666","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3636292"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3636292","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3636292","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3636292","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030453411","display_name":"Priit Roosipuu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3343-2099"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111112146","display_name":"Tallinn University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0443cwa12","country_code":"EE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}],"countries":["EE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Priit Roosipuu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Thomas Johann Seebeck Department of Electronics, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia","Thomas Johann Seebeck Department of Electronics, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, Tallinn, Estonia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3343-2099","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Thomas Johann Seebeck Department of Electronics, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Thomas Johann Seebeck Department of Electronics, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081816733","display_name":"Ivar Annus","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3081-3144"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111112146","display_name":"Tallinn University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0443cwa12","country_code":"EE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}],"countries":["EE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ivar Annus","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia","Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, Tallinn, Estonia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3081-3144","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009201411","display_name":"Alar Kuusik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6860-9539"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111112146","display_name":"Tallinn University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0443cwa12","country_code":"EE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}],"countries":["EE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alar Kuusik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Thomas Johann Seebeck Department of Electronics, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia","Thomas Johann Seebeck Department of Electronics, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, Tallinn, Estonia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6860-9539","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Thomas Johann Seebeck Department of Electronics, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Thomas Johann Seebeck Department of Electronics, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064596797","display_name":"Nils K\u00e4ndler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6968-7005"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111112146","display_name":"Tallinn University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0443cwa12","country_code":"EE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}],"countries":["EE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nils K\u00e4ndler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia","Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, Tallinn, Estonia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6968-7005","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057700615","display_name":"Muhammad Mahtab Alam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1055-7959"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111112146","display_name":"Tallinn University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0443cwa12","country_code":"EE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}],"countries":["EE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Mahtab Alam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Thomas Johann Seebeck Department of Electronics, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia","Thomas Johann Seebeck Department of Electronics, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, Tallinn, Estonia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1055-7959","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Thomas Johann Seebeck Department of Electronics, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Thomas Johann Seebeck Department of Electronics, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"],"apc_list":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"apc_paid":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.29828183,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":null,"first_page":"9775","last_page":"9784"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.9164000153541565,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.9164000153541565,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12697","display_name":"Water Quality Monitoring Technologies","score":0.029400000348687172,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.0038999998942017555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.7562999725341797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.503000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.4560000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-processing","display_name":"Signal processing","score":0.40290001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.3515999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.3167000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-to-noise-ratio","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","score":0.3061999976634979}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.7562999725341797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.5289000272750854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.503000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.48829999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4560000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.40290001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3846000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.3515999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3246999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.3167000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.3061999976634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137270730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120811","display_name":"Detection theory","level":3,"score":0.30570000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.3050999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76178495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4808784","display_name":"Asset (computer security)","level":2,"score":0.29120001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114563136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19725982","display_name":"Network planning and design","level":2,"score":0.2851000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176808163","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17105794","display_name":"Signal strength","level":3,"score":0.28220000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2630999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177454536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q578290","display_name":"Emphasis (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.25870001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37649242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932268","display_name":"System of measurement","level":2,"score":0.257999986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2578999996185303}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3636292","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3636292","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:707479a9afe54088b230fe26c058f978","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/707479a9afe54088b230fe26c058f978","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, Vol 6, Pp 9775-9784 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3636292","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3636292","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3853123393","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"101058505","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334322","funder_display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5931437882","display_name":"Decentralized real-time control platform for urban drainage systems in climate proof smart cities (DEPART)","funder_award_id":"PRG667","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321090","funder_display_name":"Eesti Teadusagentuur"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321090","display_name":"Eesti Teadusagentuur","ror":"https://ror.org/00jjeja18"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334322","display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,104],"planning":[1,80],"of":[2,12,33,86,94,148,164,193,199],"low-power":[3],"wide-area":[4],"network":[5,19,49],"(LPWAN)":[6],"access":[7],"technologies":[8,35],"NB-IoT":[9,114],"(Narrow-band":[10],"Internet":[11,85],"Things)":[13],"and":[14,39,52,74,81,157,173,187,197,206,211,222],"LTE":[15],"CAT-M":[16,111],"based":[17],"sensor":[18,89,121,219],"for":[20,79,101,218],"underground":[21],"water":[22],"systems":[23],"have":[24,42,98],"been":[25,43,99],"evaluated":[26],"in":[27,108,154,170,203],"this":[28],"study.":[29],"Large-scale":[30],"empirical":[31],"measurements":[32],"these":[34,102],"at":[36,117],"800":[37,118],"MHz":[38,41],"1800":[40],"conducted":[44],"to":[45,60],"assess":[46],"the":[47,155,171,204],"commercial":[48],"signal":[50,72,142,150,166,185,194,200],"coverage":[51,66],"quality":[53,75,167,201,212],"levels.":[54],"More":[55],"precisely,":[56],"we":[57],"show":[58],"how":[59],"evaluate":[61],"measurement":[62],"samples":[63,152,168,196,202],"against":[64],"enhanced":[65],"level":[67,151,186,195,210],"(ECL)":[68],"repetitions.":[69],"We":[70],"consider":[71],"strength":[73],"distributions":[76,213],"as":[77],"inputs":[78],"evaluating":[82],"a":[83,131,216],"large-scale":[84],"Things":[87],"(IoT)":[88],"network.":[90],"Three":[91],"different":[92],"types":[93],"typical":[95],"city":[96],"environments":[97],"considered":[100],"purposes.":[103],"analysis":[105],"shows":[106],"that,":[107],"most":[109],"cases,":[110],"will":[112,214],"outperform":[113],"when":[115],"implemented":[116],"MHz,":[119],"considering":[120],"energy":[122],"consumption":[123],"per":[124],"single":[125],"transmitted":[126],"message.":[127],"ECL":[128],"repetitions":[129],"on":[130,177],"lower":[132],"frequency":[133],"(800":[134],"MHz)":[135,181],"implementation":[136],"are":[137,153,169,182],"caused":[138],"mainly":[139],"by":[140,184],"low":[141],"quality,":[143,188],"where":[144],"less":[145],"than":[146,162,191],"2%":[147],"measured":[149,165],"ECL2":[156,172,205],"1":[158,174,207],"range,":[159],"but":[160],"more":[161,190],"30%":[163],"range.":[175,208],"Repetitions":[176],"higher":[178],"frequencies":[179],"(1800":[180],"dictated":[183],"with":[189],"40%":[192],"50%":[198],"Signal":[209],"provide":[215],"basis":[217],"lifetime":[220],"estimation":[221],"support":[223],"efficient":[224],"integrated":[225],"IoT":[226],"asset":[227],"management":[228],"system":[229],"management.":[230]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-11-25T00:00:00"}