{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7104037654","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3629335","title":"A Comparative Study of Capacity Scaling Strategies for Future Optical Transport Networks","display_name":"A Comparative Study of Capacity Scaling Strategies for Future Optical Transport Networks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7104037654","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3629335"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3629335","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3629335","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3629335","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Muhammad Umar Masood","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5349-6199"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Politecnico di Torino","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Umar Masood","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Elettronica e Telecomunicazioni, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5349-6199","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Elettronica e Telecomunicazioni, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ihtesham Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1435-9159"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105869","display_name":"Photonic Systems (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/016s82z56","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105869"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ihtesham Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Photonic Research, Nokia Bell Labs, Murray Hill, NJ, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1435-9159","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Photonic Research, Nokia Bell Labs, Murray Hill, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105869"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Bruno Correia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2848-8517"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1338984714","display_name":"ADVA Optical Networking (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/055kr0e44","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1338984714"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bruno Correia","raw_affiliation_strings":["NI ONI Optical Systems & Network Solutions, Nokia, Optical Networks, Carnaxide, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2848-8517","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NI ONI Optical Systems & Network Solutions, Nokia, Optical Networks, Carnaxide, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1338984714"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Enrico Ghillino","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088951","display_name":"Synopsys (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/013by2m91","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088951"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Enrico Ghillino","raw_affiliation_strings":["TPG, Synopsys, Inc., Ossining, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TPG, Synopsys, Inc., Ossining, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088951"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Paolo Bardella","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1075-8264"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Politecnico di Torino","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paolo Bardella","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Elettronica e Telecomunicazioni, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1075-8264","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Elettronica e Telecomunicazioni, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Andrea Carena","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6848-3326"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Politecnico di Torino","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Carena","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Elettronica e Telecomunicazioni, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6848-3326","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Elettronica e Telecomunicazioni, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Vittorio Curri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0691-0067"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Politecnico di Torino","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vittorio Curri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Elettronica e Telecomunicazioni, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0691-0067","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Elettronica e Telecomunicazioni, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"apc_paid":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"fwci":0.4626,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71235954,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":null,"first_page":"9435","last_page":"9447"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":0.739300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":0.739300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10847","display_name":"Advanced Optical Network Technologies","score":0.20340000092983246,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10767","display_name":"Advanced Photonic Communication Systems","score":0.021299999207258224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6388999819755554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transceiver","display_name":"Transceiver","score":0.6194000244140625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.5720999836921692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplexing","display_name":"Multiplexing","score":0.5077000260353088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.4864000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.4178999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.3846000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scaling","display_name":"Scaling","score":0.36970001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-topology","display_name":"Network topology","score":0.36570000648498535}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6388999819755554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7720470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954187","display_name":"Transceiver","level":3,"score":0.6194000244140625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.605400025844574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.5720999836921692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19275194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q222903","display_name":"Multiplexing","level":2,"score":0.5077000260353088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.4864000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.47749999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4178999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3887999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.3846000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99844830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102441924","display_name":"Scaling","level":2,"score":0.36970001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.36880001425743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199845137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145490","display_name":"Network topology","level":2,"score":0.36570000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173512123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5978010","display_name":"Statistical time division multiplexing","level":3,"score":0.35420000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3409000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40409654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q375889","display_name":"Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing","level":3,"score":0.32850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97744766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870845","display_name":"Channel capacity","level":3,"score":0.3043000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85884896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574075","display_name":"Spatial multiplexing","level":4,"score":0.30410000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.29840001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.29440000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204827203","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027795","display_name":"Passive optical network","level":4,"score":0.29440000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160724564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620670","display_name":"Wavelength-division multiplexing","level":3,"score":0.2799000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70979049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51831","display_name":"Optical Transport Network","level":5,"score":0.27390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26840048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7098880","display_name":"Optical performance monitoring","level":4,"score":0.271699994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129404179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1469765","display_name":"Optical communication","level":2,"score":0.26100000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50661577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901831","display_name":"Time-division multiplexing","level":3,"score":0.25769999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19247436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192727","display_name":"Physical layer","level":3,"score":0.2529999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2500999867916107}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3629335","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3629335","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:47cf3e01616140e19a27619039046c78","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/47cf3e01616140e19a27619039046c78","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, Vol 6, Pp 9435-9447 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3629335","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3629335","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6626156568527222,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"exponential":[1],"rise":[2],"in":[3,28],"bandwidth":[4],"demand":[5],"from":[6,128],"cloud":[7],"services,":[8],"real-time":[9],"streaming,":[10],"and":[11,31,63,85,91,139,215],"emerging":[12],"AI":[13],"workloads":[14],"is":[15],"rapidly":[16],"exhausting":[17],"the":[18,38,77],"scalability":[19,192],"headroom":[20],"of":[21,50,76],"today\u2019s":[22],"optical":[23,206],"transport":[24],"networks.":[25],"Conventional":[26],"advances":[27],"coherent":[29],"transceivers":[30],"C-band":[32,129],"systems":[33,175],"are":[34],"nearing":[35],"saturation,":[36],"underscoring":[37],"need":[39],"for":[40],"new":[41],"capacity-scaling":[42],"strategies.":[43],"This":[44],"paper":[45],"provides":[46,144],"a":[47,72,151],"comparative":[48],"analysis":[49],"three":[51],"orthogonal":[52],"approaches:":[53],"(i)":[54],"transceiver":[55,97,211],"evolution,":[56],"(ii)":[57],"spectral":[58],"expansion":[59,185],"through":[60],"multi-band":[61,184],"transmission,":[62],"(iii)":[64],"spatial":[65,216],"scaling":[66],"via":[67],"space-division":[68],"multiplexing":[69],"(SDM).":[70],"Using":[71],"statistical":[73],"network":[74],"assessment":[75],"German":[78],"core":[79],"network,":[80],"we":[81],"quantify":[82],"their":[83],"individual":[84],"combined":[86],"impacts":[87],"on":[88],"capacity,":[89],"efficiency,":[90,212],"long-term":[92,221],"scalability.":[93],"Results":[94],"show":[95],"that":[96,173,204],"upgrades":[98],"alone":[99],"improve":[100],"per-fiber":[101,120],"throughput":[102],"by":[103,122,193],"up":[104,149],"to":[105,108,130,150,198,218],"66%":[106],"(400G":[107],"1.2T)":[109],"but":[110],"yield":[111],"diminishing":[112],"returns":[113],"under":[114,167],"fixed":[115],"spectrum.":[116],"Multi-band":[117],"operation":[118],"increases":[119],"capacity":[121],"more":[123,194],"than":[124,195],"150%":[125],"when":[126],"extending":[127,191],"full":[131],"C+L+S":[132],"operation,":[133],"though":[134],"it":[135],"requires":[136],"band-specific":[137],"amplification":[138],"inter-band":[140],"power":[141],"equalization.":[142],"SDM":[143,187],"nearly":[145],"linear":[146],"scaling,":[147],"delivering":[148],"56-fold":[152],"increase":[153],"with":[154,186],"six":[155],"parallel":[156],"fibers,":[157],"albeit":[158],"at":[159],"higher":[160],"infrastructure":[161],"costs.":[162],"A":[163],"forward-looking":[164],"10-year":[165],"projection":[166],"25%":[168],"annual":[169],"traffic":[170],"growth":[171],"reveals":[172],"C-band-only":[174],"saturate":[176],"within":[177],"4\u20136":[178],"years,":[179],"whereas":[180],"hybrid":[181],"strategies":[182],"combining":[183],"sustain":[188],"multi-petabit":[189],"traffic,":[190],"fivefold":[196],"compared":[197],"single-band":[199],"operation.":[200],"These":[201],"findings":[202],"highlight":[203],"future-ready":[205],"infrastructures":[207],"must":[208],"jointly":[209],"exploit":[210],"ultra-wideband":[213],"photonics,":[214],"parallelism":[217],"ensure":[219],"sustainable":[220],"growth.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-15T23:13:30.683059","created_date":"2025-11-06T00:00:00"}