{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415820785","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3628482","title":"Unmodulated Visible-Light Positioning: A Deep-Dive Into Techniques, Studies, and Future Prospects","display_name":"Unmodulated Visible-Light Positioning: A Deep-Dive Into Techniques, Studies, and Future Prospects","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415820785","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3628482"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3628482","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3628482","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3628482","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044624434","display_name":"Morteza Alijani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1798-7003"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Morteza Alijani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology (INTEC), imec-WAVES/Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology (INTEC), imec-WAVES/Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018341759","display_name":"Wout Joseph","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8807-0673"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wout Joseph","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology (INTEC), imec-WAVES/Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology (INTEC), imec-WAVES/Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021128973","display_name":"David Plets","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8879-5076"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Plets","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology (INTEC), imec-WAVES/Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology (INTEC), imec-WAVES/Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044624434"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"],"apc_list":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"apc_paid":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"fwci":1.4609,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85462945,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":null,"first_page":"9448","last_page":"9485"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9610000252723694,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9610000252723694,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.012000000104308128,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10767","display_name":"Advanced Photonic Communication Systems","score":0.0035000001080334187,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scope","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","score":0.6258000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.5142999887466431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/positioning-technology","display_name":"Positioning technology","score":0.4932999908924103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visible-light-communication","display_name":"Visible light communication","score":0.4724999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.46630001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/led-lamp","display_name":"LED lamp","score":0.41290000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.35530000925064087}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.6258000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5965999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.5142999887466431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778075934","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141406","display_name":"Positioning technology","level":2,"score":0.4932999908924103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160487672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1426313","display_name":"Visible light communication","level":3,"score":0.4724999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.46630001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.4659000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101271287","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1553201","display_name":"LED lamp","level":2,"score":0.41290000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.36649999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.35530000925064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41291067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897785","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","level":2,"score":0.3384999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.3156999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3093000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176666156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25504","display_name":"Light-emitting diode","level":2,"score":0.29420000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.27810001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89505729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17105868","display_name":"Smart lighting","level":2,"score":0.27250000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.26829999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20574231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844605","display_name":"Backward compatibility","level":2,"score":0.25429999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207267971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120208","display_name":"Emerging technologies","level":2,"score":0.2535000145435333}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3628482","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3628482","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:archive.ugent.be:01KMQN4E17JJNH8ZERW6JC8CZ8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1854/LU-01KMQN4E17JJNH8ZERW6JC8CZ8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400478","display_name":"Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","host_organization_name":"Ghent University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISSN: 2644-125X","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b01116ec1c1a47d0ab012e87fdcab1eb","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b01116ec1c1a47d0ab012e87fdcab1eb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, Vol 6, Pp 9448-9485 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3628482","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3628482","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Visible":[0,94],"Light":[1,95,100],"Positioning":[2,96],"(VLP)":[3],"has":[4,88],"emerged":[5],"as":[6,111],"a":[7,117,144,176],"promising":[8,202],"technology":[9],"for":[10,121,128,206],"next-generation":[11],"indoor":[12,122],"positioning":[13,44,123],"systems":[14],"(IPS),":[15],"particularly":[16],"within":[17],"the":[18,47,62,90,126,138],"scope":[19],"of":[20,53,92,102,141,147],"sixth-generation":[21],"(6G)":[22],"wireless":[23],"networks.":[24],"Its":[25],"attractiveness":[26],"stems":[27],"from":[28],"leveraging":[29],"existing":[30,155],"lighting":[31,133],"infrastructures":[32],"equipped":[33],"with":[34,69],"light-emitting":[35],"diodes":[36],"(LEDs),":[37],"enabling":[38],"cost-efficient":[39],"deployments":[40],"and":[41,65,131,153,170,183,200,210],"achieving":[42],"high-precision":[43],"accuracy":[45],"in":[46,195],"centimeter-to-decimeter":[48],"range.":[49],"However,":[50],"widespread":[51],"adoption":[52],"traditional":[54],"VLP":[55,151],"solutions":[56],"faces":[57],"significant":[58],"barriers":[59],"due":[60],"to":[61,159],"increased":[63],"costs":[64],"operational":[66],"complexity":[67],"associated":[68],"modulating":[70],"LEDs,":[71],"which":[72,98],"consequently":[73],"reduces":[74],"illumination":[75,108],"efficiency":[76],"by":[77,106,124],"lowering":[78],"their":[79],"radiant":[80],"flux.":[81],"To":[82],"address":[83],"these":[84],"limitations,":[85],"recent":[86],"research":[87,203],"introduced":[89],"concept":[91],"unmodulated":[93,107],"(uVLP),":[97],"exploits":[99],"Signals":[101],"Opportunity":[103],"(LSOOP)":[104],"emitted":[105],"sources":[109],"such":[110],"conventional":[112,150],"LEDs.":[113],"This":[114,135],"paradigm":[115],"offers":[116],"cost-effective,":[118],"low-infrastructure":[119],"alternative":[120],"eliminating":[125],"need":[127],"modulation":[129],"hardware":[130],"maintaining":[132],"efficiency.":[134],"paper":[136],"delineates":[137],"fundamental":[139],"principles":[140],"uVLP,":[142,196],"provides":[143],"comparative":[145],"analysis":[146],"uVLP":[148,156,213],"versus":[149],"methods,":[152],"classifies":[154],"techniques":[157,180],"according":[158],"receiver":[160],"technologies":[161],"into":[162,181],"intensity-based":[163],"methods":[164],"(e.g.,":[165],"photodiodes,":[166],"solar":[167],"cells,":[168],"etc.)":[169],"imaging-based":[171],"methods.":[172],"Additionally,":[173],"we":[174,190],"propose":[175],"comprehensive":[177],"taxonomy":[178],"categorizing":[179],"demultiplexed":[182],"undemultiplexed":[184],"approaches.":[185],"Within":[186],"this":[187],"structured":[188],"framework,":[189],"critically":[191],"review":[192],"current":[193],"advancements":[194],"discuss":[197],"prevailing":[198],"challenges,":[199],"outline":[201],"directions":[204],"essential":[205],"developing":[207],"robust,":[208],"scalable,":[209],"widely":[211],"deployable":[212],"solutions.":[214]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-30T08:08:38.191290","created_date":"2025-11-03T00:00:00"}