{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413468267","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3599122","title":"Subarea Collaborative Deep Q-Network With Online Learning: Advanced Multi-Agent Routing Strategies for Dynamic Maritime Networks","display_name":"Subarea Collaborative Deep Q-Network With Online Learning: Advanced Multi-Agent Routing Strategies for Dynamic Maritime Networks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413468267","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3599122"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3599122","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3599122","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3599122","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xin Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9809-4436"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43313876","display_name":"Dalian Maritime University","ror":"https://ror.org/002b7nr53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Navigation College, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9809-4436","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Navigation College, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083657836","display_name":"Tingting Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7406-2170"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43313876","display_name":"Dalian Maritime University","ror":"https://ror.org/002b7nr53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tingting Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Navigation College, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7406-2170","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Navigation College, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090287315","display_name":"Chengzhuo Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1500-3716"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chengzhuo Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1500-3716","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027953377","display_name":"Gary C.F. Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4318-8958"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115228651","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3005327000","display_name":"Institute for Infocomm Research","ror":"https://ror.org/053rfa017","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3005327000","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gary C. F. Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Infocomm Research, A*STAR, Fusionopolis, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4318-8958","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Infocomm Research, A*STAR, Fusionopolis, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3005327000","https://openalex.org/I115228651"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100606009","display_name":"Sumei Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1701-8122"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115228651","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3005327000","display_name":"Institute for Infocomm Research","ror":"https://ror.org/053rfa017","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3005327000","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sumei Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Infocomm Research, A*STAR, Fusionopolis, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1701-8122","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Infocomm Research, A*STAR, Fusionopolis, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3005327000","https://openalex.org/I115228651"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"apc_paid":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"fwci":6.7251,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96224724,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":null,"first_page":"7200","last_page":"7214"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10796","display_name":"Cooperative Communication and Network Coding","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptive-routing","display_name":"Adaptive routing","score":0.629567563533783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5583584904670715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.48082435131073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3901336193084717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3352862596511841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-research","display_name":"Operations research","score":0.33248481154441833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing-protocol","display_name":"Routing protocol","score":0.2362358570098877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.18409773707389832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-source-routing","display_name":"Dynamic Source Routing","score":0.15866893529891968}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24856439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352483","display_name":"Adaptive routing","level":5,"score":0.629567563533783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5583584904670715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.48082435131073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3901336193084717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3352862596511841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.33248481154441833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104954878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648707","display_name":"Routing protocol","level":3,"score":0.2362358570098877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.18409773707389832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9659607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1268903","display_name":"Dynamic Source Routing","level":4,"score":0.15866893529891968}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3599122","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3599122","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f7ce09c073ad4cceb2671a7c518c7139","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f7ce09c073ad4cceb2671a7c518c7139","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, Vol 6, Pp 7200-7214 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3599122","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3599122","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2626637010","https://openalex.org/W2962883549","https://openalex.org/W2964005248","https://openalex.org/W2968422580","https://openalex.org/W2997070234","https://openalex.org/W3006432778","https://openalex.org/W3013664888","https://openalex.org/W3048983622","https://openalex.org/W3153573172","https://openalex.org/W3156295478","https://openalex.org/W3167946319","https://openalex.org/W3198320059","https://openalex.org/W3202546516","https://openalex.org/W4285209996","https://openalex.org/W4312531397","https://openalex.org/W4386249762","https://openalex.org/W4387870460","https://openalex.org/W4391791260","https://openalex.org/W4392169689","https://openalex.org/W4392553889","https://openalex.org/W4408520038"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2111375262","https://openalex.org/W2317728013","https://openalex.org/W4252076617","https://openalex.org/W1991205173","https://openalex.org/W2109048960","https://openalex.org/W2741481635","https://openalex.org/W2338537463","https://openalex.org/W2183644707","https://openalex.org/W2738408817","https://openalex.org/W2068680190"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"the":[1,52,60,87,91,100,122,133,142,198,244],"shipping":[2],"industry":[3],"evolves,":[4],"communication-limited":[5,238],"non-terrestrial":[6,239],"networks":[7,12],"(NTN)":[8],"like":[9],"maritime":[10,96,151,248],"communication":[11,79,84,249],"face":[13],"increasing":[14],"challenges,":[15],"particularly":[16,241],"due":[17],"to":[18,50,58,82,119,139,175],"frequent":[19],"and":[20,57,65,78,106,131,157,168,183,202,214],"large-scale":[21],"changes":[22,145],"in":[23,173,206,237,242],"network":[24,101,176],"topology.":[25],"To":[26],"address":[27],"these":[28],"challenges":[29],"effectively,":[30],"we":[31,98,153],"have":[32,154],"developed":[33],"a":[34,47,104,220,227],"subarea-based":[35],"collaborative":[36],"deep":[37],"q-network":[38],"(Subarea_CDQN)":[39],"enhanced":[40],"with":[41,141,193],"online":[42,159,194],"learning.":[43],"Our":[44],"approach":[45],"employs":[46,117],"multi-agent":[48],"system":[49],"detect":[51],"positions":[53],"of":[54,62,95,135,208,246],"neighboring":[55],"nodes":[56],"manage":[59],"status":[61],"their":[63,235],"send":[64],"receive":[66],"queues,":[67],"ensuring":[68],"safe":[69],"operational":[70],"distances":[71],"at":[72],"sea.":[73],"It":[74],"utilizes":[75],"integrated":[76],"sensing":[77],"(ISAC)":[80],"technology":[81],"mitigate":[83],"constraints":[85],"within":[86,150],"network.":[88],"Additionally,":[89],"considering":[90],"extensive":[92],"coverage":[93],"requirements":[94],"networks,":[97,152,240],"model":[99],"topology":[102,144,177],"as":[103],"graph":[105],"partition":[107],"it":[108],"into":[109],"multiple":[110],"subareas.":[111],"Within":[112],"each":[113],"subarea,":[114],"multi-point":[115],"collaboration":[116],"CDQN":[118,204],"intelligently":[120],"select":[121],"next-hop":[123],"transmission":[124],"paths,":[125],"thus":[126],"minimizing":[127],"global":[128,156,203],"computational":[129,184],"loads":[130],"improving":[132],"efficiency":[134],"routing":[136,166],"decisions.":[137],"Furthermore,":[138],"cope":[140],"dynamic":[143,247],"caused":[146],"by":[147],"node":[148],"mobility":[149],"devised":[155],"subarea":[158],"learning":[160,195],"strategies.":[161],"These":[162],"strategies":[163],"dynamically":[164],"adjust":[165],"policies":[167],"optimize":[169],"data":[170],"forwarding":[171],"paths":[172],"response":[174],"changes,":[178],"substantially":[179],"reducing":[180],"processing":[181],"scales":[182],"costs.":[185],"Simulation":[186],"results":[187],"show":[188],"that":[189],"our":[190],"proposed":[191],"Subarea_CDQN":[192],"outperforms":[196],"both":[197],"traditional":[199],"shortest":[200],"path":[201],"algorithm":[205],"terms":[207],"packet":[209,215],"arrival":[210,223],"rate,":[211,213,217],"retransmission":[212],"loss":[216],"while":[218],"maintaining":[219],"relatively":[221],"optimal":[222],"time,":[224],"thereby":[225],"achieving":[226],"more":[228],"balanced":[229],"overall":[230],"performance.":[231],"This":[232],"performance":[233],"demonstrates":[234],"efficacy":[236],"managing":[243],"complexities":[245],"networks.":[250]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-12-28T23:10:05.387466","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}