{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412836942","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3594373","title":"Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Joint Trajectory Design and Resource Allocation for Secure and Energy-Efficient UAV Networks","display_name":"Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Joint Trajectory Design and Resource Allocation for Secure and Energy-Efficient UAV Networks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412836942","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3594373"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3594373","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3594373","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3594373","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Abdulmalik Alwarafy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0652-3948"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201726411","display_name":"United Arab Emirates University","ror":"https://ror.org/01km6p862","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Abdulmalik Alwarafy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer and Network Engineering Department, College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer and Network Engineering Department, College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025254665","display_name":"Suhib Bani Melhem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4998-3418"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161913731","display_name":"Al Ain University","ror":"https://ror.org/023abrt21","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161913731"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suhib Bani Melhem","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cybersecurity, College of Engineering, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, UAE"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cybersecurity, College of Engineering, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161913731"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013794155","display_name":"R. Chahine","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201726411","display_name":"United Arab Emirates University","ror":"https://ror.org/01km6p862","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rand Abou Chahine","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer and Network Engineering Department, College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer and Network Engineering Department, College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119155908","display_name":"Batool Said","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201726411","display_name":"United Arab Emirates University","ror":"https://ror.org/01km6p862","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Batool Said","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer and Network Engineering Department, College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer and Network Engineering Department, College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072378290","display_name":"Maitha Alharethi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201726411","display_name":"United Arab Emirates University","ror":"https://ror.org/01km6p862","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maitha Alharethi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer and Network Engineering Department, College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer and Network Engineering Department, College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119155909","display_name":"Latifa Almazrouei","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201726411","display_name":"United Arab Emirates University","ror":"https://ror.org/01km6p862","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Latifa Almazrouei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer and Network Engineering Department, College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer and Network Engineering Department, College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008148509","display_name":"Sara F. Alblooshi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201726411","display_name":"United Arab Emirates University","ror":"https://ror.org/01km6p862","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sara Alblooshi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer and Network Engineering Department, College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer and Network Engineering Department, College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"],"apc_list":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"apc_paid":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"fwci":5.1063,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94990311,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":null,"first_page":"6491","last_page":"6505"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10249","display_name":"Distributed Control Multi-Agent Systems","score":0.9836999773979187,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10586","display_name":"Robotic Path Planning Algorithms","score":0.9835000038146973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.8646088242530823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6947977542877197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trajectory","display_name":"Trajectory","score":0.6267519593238831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/joint","display_name":"Joint (building)","score":0.6199686527252197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-allocation","display_name":"Resource allocation","score":0.6032324433326721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","score":0.48895394802093506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.47839558124542236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.46761927008628845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.4656919240951538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.4400377869606018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.32341182231903076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.18990767002105713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/civil-engineering","display_name":"Civil engineering","score":0.09772148728370667}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.8646088242530823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6947977542877197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.6267519593238831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18555067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8375051","display_name":"Joint (building)","level":2,"score":0.6199686527252197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29202148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287260","display_name":"Resource allocation","level":2,"score":0.6032324433326721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.48895394802093506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.47839558124542236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.46761927008628845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4656919240951538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4400377869606018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.32341182231903076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.18990767002105713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.09772148728370667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3594373","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3594373","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:51c389ab06ff4e76858c59aae7c9933b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/51c389ab06ff4e76858c59aae7c9933b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, Vol 6, Pp 6491-6505 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3594373","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3594373","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4300000071525574,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323593","display_name":"United Arab Emirates University","ror":"https://ror.org/01km6p862"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2031834036","https://openalex.org/W2156214717","https://openalex.org/W2327622231","https://openalex.org/W2342656438","https://openalex.org/W2607119867","https://openalex.org/W2775597598","https://openalex.org/W2806940739","https://openalex.org/W2810449151","https://openalex.org/W2889655092","https://openalex.org/W2898035736","https://openalex.org/W2916931183","https://openalex.org/W2944478701","https://openalex.org/W2964310887","https://openalex.org/W2968782695","https://openalex.org/W2998280308","https://openalex.org/W3006762012","https://openalex.org/W3008565916","https://openalex.org/W3010052185","https://openalex.org/W3034281970","https://openalex.org/W3048217314","https://openalex.org/W3120210753","https://openalex.org/W3154611480","https://openalex.org/W3157554008","https://openalex.org/W3159571744","https://openalex.org/W3180289372","https://openalex.org/W3186460949","https://openalex.org/W3189657012","https://openalex.org/W3216246916","https://openalex.org/W3217791668","https://openalex.org/W4206400910","https://openalex.org/W4213425359","https://openalex.org/W4221150634","https://openalex.org/W4280627398","https://openalex.org/W4283021493","https://openalex.org/W4285310338","https://openalex.org/W4312284141","https://openalex.org/W4313855613","https://openalex.org/W4321636739","https://openalex.org/W4323896844","https://openalex.org/W4361853013","https://openalex.org/W4367146525","https://openalex.org/W4378696862","https://openalex.org/W4385078855","https://openalex.org/W4385153877","https://openalex.org/W4385250845","https://openalex.org/W4386360678","https://openalex.org/W4386952049","https://openalex.org/W4387587706","https://openalex.org/W4388040455","https://openalex.org/W4388094107","https://openalex.org/W4388115613","https://openalex.org/W4389331917","https://openalex.org/W4389576031","https://openalex.org/W4392567265","https://openalex.org/W4396528284","https://openalex.org/W4399526477","https://openalex.org/W4406047111"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4306904969","https://openalex.org/W2138720691","https://openalex.org/W4362501864","https://openalex.org/W4323768008","https://openalex.org/W1941703695","https://openalex.org/W4380318855","https://openalex.org/W3084456289","https://openalex.org/W2024136090","https://openalex.org/W3131574667","https://openalex.org/W4391331176"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Unmanned":[0],"Aerial":[1],"Vehicles":[2],"(UAVs)":[3],"have":[4],"been":[5],"extensively":[6],"used":[7],"recently":[8],"for":[9],"wireless":[10,39],"networks.":[11],"However,":[12],"such":[13],"networks":[14,40],"encounter":[15],"several":[16],"challenges":[17],"that":[18],"remain":[19],"unsolved.":[20],"In":[21],"this":[22],"paper,":[23],"we":[24,83],"address":[25],"the":[26,42,53,73,80,97,101,108,113,125,128,133,136],"issue":[27],"of":[28,31,44,63,79,116,127],"joint":[29],"optimization":[30,50],"trajectory":[32],"design":[33],"and":[34,69,76,99,119,139,146],"resource":[35],"allocation":[36],"in":[37,41,61,131],"UAV-based":[38],"presence":[43],"eavesdroppers.":[45],"We":[46],"first":[47],"formulate":[48],"an":[49],"problem":[51,98,109],"with":[52],"objective":[54],"to":[55,72,95],"maximize":[56],"a":[57,85],"utility":[58],"function":[59],"defined":[60],"terms":[62],"secrecy":[64],"rate,":[65],"energy":[66,120],"utilization":[67],"efficiency,":[68],"interference.":[70],"Due":[71],"high":[74],"dimensionality":[75],"non-convex":[77],"nature":[78],"formulated":[81],"problem,":[82,134],"propose":[84],"Proximal":[86],"Policy":[87],"Optimization":[88],"(PPO)-based":[89],"Deep":[90],"Reinforcement":[91],"Learning":[92],"(DRL)":[93],"algorithm":[94,106,130],"solve":[96],"learn":[100],"environment.":[102],"Our":[103],"proposed":[104,129],"PPO":[105],"solves":[107],"by":[110],"jointly":[111],"controlling":[112],"3D":[114],"position":[115],"UAVs,":[117],"power,":[118],"harvesting.":[121],"Simulation":[122],"results":[123],"demonstrate":[124],"efficiency":[126],"solving":[132],"learning":[135],"environment":[137],"dynamics,":[138],"its":[140],"superiority":[141],"over":[142],"some":[143],"existing":[144],"conventional":[145],"DRL-based":[147],"methods.":[148]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}