{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411471901","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3581735","title":"Active Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces: Circuit Modeling and Reflection Amplification Optimization","display_name":"Active Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces: Circuit Modeling and Reflection Amplification Optimization","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411471901","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3581735"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3581735","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3581735","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3581735","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073536185","display_name":"Panagiotis Gavriilidis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1967-5337"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200777214","display_name":"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens","ror":"https://ror.org/04gnjpq42","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Panagiotis Gavriilidis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics and Telecommunications, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece","Department of Informatics and Telecommunications, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1967-5337","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics and Telecommunications, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics and Telecommunications, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100770198","display_name":"Deepak Mishra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3225-6495"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deepak Mishra","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3225-6495","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018641453","display_name":"Besma Smida","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9601-7322"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39422238","display_name":"University of Illinois Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/02mpq6x41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Besma Smida","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9601-7322","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051978835","display_name":"Ertu\u011frul Ba\u015far","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5566-2392"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166825849","display_name":"Tampere University","ror":"https://ror.org/033003e23","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ertugrul Basar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5566-2392","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060020877","display_name":"Chau Yuen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9307-2120"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chau Yuen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore","School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9307-2120","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056331037","display_name":"George C. Alexandropoulos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6587-1371"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200777214","display_name":"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens","ror":"https://ror.org/04gnjpq42","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"George C. Alexandropoulos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics and Telecommunications, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece","Department of Informatics and Telecommunications, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6587-1371","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics and Telecommunications, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics and Telecommunications, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":5,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"apc_paid":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"fwci":5.3587,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96026925,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":null,"first_page":"5693","last_page":"5711"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10888","display_name":"Augmented Reality Applications","score":0.8605999946594238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10888","display_name":"Augmented Reality Applications","score":0.8605999946594238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12449","display_name":"Spacecraft Design and Technology","score":0.7892000079154968,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11383","display_name":"Advanced Antenna and Metasurface Technologies","score":0.7409999966621399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflection","display_name":"Reflection (computer programming)","score":0.6502364873886108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5136122703552246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.36851534247398376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.22242212295532227}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65682993","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1056451","display_name":"Reflection (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.6502364873886108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5136122703552246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.36851534247398376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.22242212295532227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3581735","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3581735","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f88d523670734f05b597523cae27e282","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f88d523670734f05b597523cae27e282","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, Vol 6, Pp 5693-5711 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dr.ntu.edu.sg:10356/217475","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10356/217475","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402609","display_name":"DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","host_organization_name":"Nanyang Technological University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:trepo.tuni.fi:10024/229607","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://trepo.tuni.fi/handle/10024/229607","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055260","display_name":"Trepo - Institutional Repository of Tampere University","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3581735","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3581735","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6332738509","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"10109710","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338452","funder_display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Reforming and enhancing the European Research and Innovation system"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338452","display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Reforming and enhancing the European Research and Innovation system","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W151604921","https://openalex.org/W173779390","https://openalex.org/W1540767910","https://openalex.org/W1632601927","https://openalex.org/W2032262780","https://openalex.org/W2037078299","https://openalex.org/W2082432933","https://openalex.org/W2086230628","https://openalex.org/W2098286447","https://openalex.org/W2253900380","https://openalex.org/W2317490513","https://openalex.org/W2519468345","https://openalex.org/W2559854264","https://openalex.org/W2600061915","https://openalex.org/W2610369112","https://openalex.org/W2616158846","https://openalex.org/W2761788579","https://openalex.org/W2762714613","https://openalex.org/W2831062221","https://openalex.org/W2901450205","https://openalex.org/W2912724178","https://openalex.org/W2950077417","https://openalex.org/W2962705813","https://openalex.org/W2963121727","https://openalex.org/W2979600268","https://openalex.org/W3007936529","https://openalex.org/W3035049807","https://openalex.org/W3035386068","https://openalex.org/W3041653465","https://openalex.org/W3092363222","https://openalex.org/W3137570378","https://openalex.org/W3188430173","https://openalex.org/W3198743033","https://openalex.org/W3202943682","https://openalex.org/W3205135478","https://openalex.org/W3213706254","https://openalex.org/W4205465442","https://openalex.org/W4206296593","https://openalex.org/W4210858837","https://openalex.org/W4211120851","https://openalex.org/W4213157525","https://openalex.org/W4221142127","https://openalex.org/W4221160263","https://openalex.org/W4225737845","https://openalex.org/W4226367728","https://openalex.org/W4285130865","https://openalex.org/W4286569356","https://openalex.org/W4288388721","https://openalex.org/W4292826030","https://openalex.org/W4312984309","https://openalex.org/W4313001863","https://openalex.org/W4313428113","https://openalex.org/W4315474354","https://openalex.org/W4317892505","https://openalex.org/W4379469370","https://openalex.org/W4386523619","https://openalex.org/W4386590539","https://openalex.org/W4387502293","https://openalex.org/W4393285760","https://openalex.org/W4400314761","https://openalex.org/W4400526331","https://openalex.org/W4401536832","https://openalex.org/W4402830283","https://openalex.org/W4412353382","https://openalex.org/W6780672867"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Reconfigurable":[0],"Intelligent":[1],"Surfaces":[2],"(RISs)":[3],"constitute":[4],"a":[5,130],"promising":[6],"emerging":[7],"technology":[8],"that":[9],"enables":[10],"wireless":[11],"systems":[12],"to":[13,18,64,85,145],"control":[14],"the":[15,30,48,72,91,117,147,160,172,180,186],"propagation":[16],"environment":[17],"enhance":[19],"diverse":[20],"communication":[21],"objectives.":[22],"To":[23],"mitigate":[24],"double-fading":[25],"attenuation":[26],"in":[27,71,90],"RIS-aided":[28],"links,":[29],"paradigm":[31],"of":[32,36,52,103,121,162,174,188],"active":[33,105,189],"metamaterials":[34],"capable":[35],"amplifying":[37],"their":[38,57],"incident":[39],"wave":[40],"has":[41],"emerged.":[42],"In":[43],"this":[44,86],"paper,":[45],"capitalizing":[46],"on":[47],"inherent":[49],"negativeresistance":[50],"region":[51],"tunnel":[53],"diodes,":[54],"we":[55],"propose":[56],"integration":[58],"into":[59,111,171],"each":[60],"RIS":[61,106],"unit":[62,107],"element":[63],"enable":[65],"RISs":[66],"with":[67],"reflection":[68],"amplification":[69],"entirely":[70],"analog":[73],"domain.":[74],"We":[75],"derive":[76],"novel":[77,113],"realistic":[78],"phase-amplitude":[79,165],"relationships":[80],"and":[81,133,154,167,185],"power":[82,184],"constraints":[83],"specific":[84],"model,":[87],"addressing":[88],"gaps":[89],"existing":[92],"literature":[93],"where":[94],"amplitude":[95],"limits":[96],"are":[97,127],"often":[98],"chosen":[99],"arbitrarily.":[100],"This":[101],"characterization":[102],"our":[104],"elements":[108],"is":[109,143],"incorporated":[110],"two":[112],"optimization":[114],"frameworks":[115],"targeting":[116],"spectral":[118],"efficiency":[119],"maximization":[120],"RIS-assisted":[122],"Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output":[123],"(MIMO)":[124],"systems,":[125],"which":[126],"solved":[128],"via":[129],"one-step":[131],"approach":[132,142],"an":[134],"iterative":[135],"Alternating":[136],"Optimization":[137],"(AO)":[138],"method.":[139],"The":[140],"former":[141],"used":[144],"initialize":[146],"AO":[148],"framework,":[149],"enhancing":[150],"both":[151],"its":[152],"performance":[153],"convergence.":[155],"Our":[156],"numerical":[157],"investigations":[158],"emphasize":[159],"importance":[161],"accurately":[163],"modeling":[164],"dependencies,":[166],"provide":[168],"key":[169],"insights":[170],"impact":[173],"RIS-induced":[175],"noise":[176],"as":[177,179],"well":[178],"trade-off":[181],"between":[182],"available":[183],"number":[187],"elements.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
