{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411446231","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3581480","title":"Hybrid CNN-Ensemble Framework for Intelligent Optical Fiber Fault Detection and Diagnosis","display_name":"Hybrid CNN-Ensemble Framework for Intelligent Optical Fiber Fault Detection and Diagnosis","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411446231","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3581480"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3581480","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3581480","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3581480","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056518161","display_name":"Salem Titouni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1829-5612"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135256","display_name":"University Mohamed El Bachir El Ibrahimi of Bordj Bou Arreridj","ror":"https://ror.org/03e75b898","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135256"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Salem Titouni","raw_affiliation_strings":["ETA Laboratory, University Mohamed El Bachir El Ibrahimi, Bordj Bou Arreridj, Algeria","ETA Laboratory, University Mohamed El Bachir El Ibrahimi of Bordj Bou Arreridj, Algeria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1829-5612","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETA Laboratory, University Mohamed El Bachir El Ibrahimi, Bordj Bou Arreridj, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135256"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETA Laboratory, University Mohamed El Bachir El Ibrahimi of Bordj Bou Arreridj, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135256"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116065616","display_name":"Idris Messaoudene","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1171-7359"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135256","display_name":"University Mohamed El Bachir El Ibrahimi of Bordj Bou Arreridj","ror":"https://ror.org/03e75b898","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135256"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Idris Messaoudene","raw_affiliation_strings":["ETA Laboratory, University Mohamed El Bachir El Ibrahimi, Bordj Bou Arreridj, Algeria","ETA Laboratory, University Mohamed El Bachir El Ibrahimi of Bordj Bou Arreridj, Algeria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1171-7359","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETA Laboratory, University Mohamed El Bachir El Ibrahimi, Bordj Bou Arreridj, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135256"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETA Laboratory, University Mohamed El Bachir El Ibrahimi of Bordj Bou Arreridj, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135256"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037331113","display_name":"Yassine Himeur","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8904-5587"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1323252656","display_name":"Information Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ngv8j44","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1323252656"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I132806614","display_name":"University of Dubai","ror":"https://ror.org/05h0z7c09","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I132806614"]}],"countries":["AE","PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yassine Himeur","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Dubai, Dubai, UAE","College of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8904-5587","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Dubai, Dubai, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1323252656","https://openalex.org/I132806614"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I132806614"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031959609","display_name":"Omar Alnaseri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7246-3974"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210097841","display_name":"Ravensburg University of Cooperative Education","ror":"https://ror.org/014cnmj57","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097841"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Omar Alnaseri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, DHBW University, Ravensburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7246-3974","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, DHBW University, Ravensburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210097841"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015875958","display_name":"Farouk Chetouah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8321-0895"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135256","display_name":"University Mohamed El Bachir El Ibrahimi of Bordj Bou Arreridj","ror":"https://ror.org/03e75b898","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135256"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Farouk Chetouah","raw_affiliation_strings":["ETA Laboratory, University Mohamed El Bachir El Ibrahimi, Bordj Bou Arreridj, Algeria","ETA Laboratory, University Mohamed El Bachir El Ibrahimi of Bordj Bou Arreridj, Algeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETA Laboratory, University Mohamed El Bachir El Ibrahimi, Bordj Bou Arreridj, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135256"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETA Laboratory, University Mohamed El Bachir El Ibrahimi of Bordj Bou Arreridj, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135256"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056014431","display_name":"Boualem Hammache","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1999-2156"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135256","display_name":"University Mohamed El Bachir El Ibrahimi of Bordj Bou Arreridj","ror":"https://ror.org/03e75b898","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135256"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Boualem Hammache","raw_affiliation_strings":["ETA Laboratory, University Mohamed El Bachir El Ibrahimi, Bordj Bou Arreridj, Algeria","ETA Laboratory, University Mohamed El Bachir El Ibrahimi of Bordj Bou Arreridj, Algeria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1999-2156","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETA Laboratory, University Mohamed El Bachir El Ibrahimi, Bordj Bou Arreridj, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135256"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETA Laboratory, University Mohamed El Bachir El Ibrahimi of Bordj Bou Arreridj, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135256"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007741904","display_name":"Massinissa Belazzoug","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5300-6471"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135256","display_name":"University Mohamed El Bachir El Ibrahimi of Bordj Bou Arreridj","ror":"https://ror.org/03e75b898","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135256"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Massinissa Belazzoug","raw_affiliation_strings":["ETA Laboratory, University Mohamed El Bachir El Ibrahimi, Bordj Bou Arreridj, Algeria","ETA Laboratory, University Mohamed El Bachir El Ibrahimi of Bordj Bou Arreridj, Algeria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5300-6471","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETA Laboratory, University Mohamed El Bachir El Ibrahimi, Bordj Bou Arreridj, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135256"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETA Laboratory, University Mohamed El Bachir El Ibrahimi of Bordj Bou Arreridj, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135256"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003417758","display_name":"Shadi Atalla","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3017-9243"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1323252656","display_name":"Information Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ngv8j44","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1323252656"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I132806614","display_name":"University of Dubai","ror":"https://ror.org/05h0z7c09","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I132806614"]}],"countries":["AE","PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shadi Atalla","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Dubai, Dubai, UAE","College of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3017-9243","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Dubai, Dubai, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1323252656","https://openalex.org/I132806614"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I132806614"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081414719","display_name":"Wathiq Mansoor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2784-5188"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1323252656","display_name":"Information Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ngv8j44","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1323252656"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I132806614","display_name":"University of Dubai","ror":"https://ror.org/05h0z7c09","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I132806614"]}],"countries":["AE","PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wathiq Mansoor","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Dubai, Dubai, UAE","College of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2784-5188","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Dubai, Dubai, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1323252656","https://openalex.org/I132806614"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I132806614"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"apc_paid":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"fwci":5.4456,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9535109,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":null,"first_page":"5626","last_page":"5638"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9914000034332275,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9914000034332275,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.9606999754905701,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10767","display_name":"Advanced Photonic Communication Systems","score":0.9311000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-detection-and-isolation","display_name":"Fault detection and isolation","score":0.6182892322540283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6059210896492004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault","display_name":"Fault (geology)","score":0.49788951873779297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-fiber","display_name":"Optical fiber","score":0.4506913125514984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fiber","display_name":"Fiber","score":0.4329055845737457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.431589812040329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.33323344588279724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.2098163366317749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.1479489505290985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.13628429174423218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seismology","display_name":"Seismology","score":0.06089681386947632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-material","display_name":"Composite material","score":0.054722875356674194}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152745839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5438153","display_name":"Fault detection and isolation","level":3,"score":0.6182892322540283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6059210896492004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175551986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089","display_name":"Fault (geology)","level":2,"score":0.49788951873779297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194232370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162","display_name":"Optical fiber","level":2,"score":0.4506913125514984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519885992","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161","display_name":"Fiber","level":2,"score":0.4329055845737457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.431589812040329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.33323344588279724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.2098163366317749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.1479489505290985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.13628429174423218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165205528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371","display_name":"Seismology","level":1,"score":0.06089681386947632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.054722875356674194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172707124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423488","display_name":"Actuator","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3581480","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3581480","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:112cef8544d64d948021461669bd37b5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/112cef8544d64d948021461669bd37b5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, Vol 6, Pp 5626-5638 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3581480","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3581480","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action","score":0.4399999976158142}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1719743308","https://openalex.org/W1932652995","https://openalex.org/W1986341370","https://openalex.org/W2027636547","https://openalex.org/W2126450811","https://openalex.org/W2528147237","https://openalex.org/W2609937040","https://openalex.org/W2754863095","https://openalex.org/W2757227051","https://openalex.org/W2908291726","https://openalex.org/W2917034516","https://openalex.org/W2917748282","https://openalex.org/W2947066362","https://openalex.org/W2953212672","https://openalex.org/W2965871330","https://openalex.org/W2988158872","https://openalex.org/W2999750248","https://openalex.org/W3009274663","https://openalex.org/W3036393052","https://openalex.org/W3080222718","https://openalex.org/W3100253262","https://openalex.org/W3133212496","https://openalex.org/W3149194899","https://openalex.org/W3176364128","https://openalex.org/W3190647500","https://openalex.org/W3208591837","https://openalex.org/W3214640732","https://openalex.org/W3216589320","https://openalex.org/W4205657841","https://openalex.org/W4214829285","https://openalex.org/W4392094095","https://openalex.org/W4392095695","https://openalex.org/W4392939312","https://openalex.org/W4393356635","https://openalex.org/W4400054413","https://openalex.org/W4401596595","https://openalex.org/W4401803920","https://openalex.org/W4402093437","https://openalex.org/W4402288875","https://openalex.org/W4402859517","https://openalex.org/W4407666501"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W86946229","https://openalex.org/W3009843762","https://openalex.org/W2054360660","https://openalex.org/W1998491546","https://openalex.org/W2913439950","https://openalex.org/W3097589262","https://openalex.org/W2127402788","https://openalex.org/W2621186724","https://openalex.org/W2940605507","https://openalex.org/W2574831037"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ensuring":[0],"the":[1,131,154],"integrity":[2],"and":[3,24,33,54,72,102,137,147,169,177],"reliability":[4],"of":[5,140],"optical":[6,42],"fiber":[7,20,149,163],"networks":[8,86],"is":[9],"essential":[10],"for":[11,88],"modern":[12],"global":[13],"communication":[14],"systems,":[15],"as":[16,19,41],"faults":[17],"such":[18,40],"cuts,":[21],"malicious":[22],"tapping,":[23],"connector":[25],"degradation":[26],"can":[27],"result":[28],"in":[29,145],"significant":[30],"service":[31],"disruptions":[32],"security":[34],"vulnerabilities.":[35],"Traditional":[36],"fault":[37,70,129,159],"detection":[38,160],"methods,":[39],"time-domain":[43],"reflectometry":[44],"(OTDR),":[45],"face":[46],"challenges":[47],"due":[48],"to":[49,157,173],"noisy":[50],"signals,":[51],"signal":[52],"attenuation,":[53],"reliance":[55],"on":[56,121],"expert":[57],"interpretation.":[58],"Additionally,":[59],"existing":[60],"machine":[61],"learning":[62,94],"approaches":[63],"often":[64],"struggle":[65],"with":[66,92,114],"generalization":[67],"across":[68],"diverse":[69],"types":[71],"imbalanced":[73],"datasets.":[74],"This":[75],"paper":[76],"introduces":[77],"a":[78,118,122],"novel":[79],"Hybrid":[80],"CNN-Ensemble":[81],"framework,":[82],"combining":[83],"convolutional":[84],"neural":[85],"(CNNs)":[87],"deep":[89],"feature":[90],"extraction":[91],"ensemble":[93],"techniques":[95],"including":[96],"XGBoost,":[97],"Support":[98],"Vector":[99],"Machines":[100],"(SVM),":[101],"Random":[103],"Forest":[104],"(RF).":[105],"The":[106,151],"framework":[107],"processes":[108],"CNN-extracted":[109],"features":[110],"from":[111],"OTDR":[112,124],"traces,":[113],"predictions":[115],"aggregated":[116],"through":[117],"meta-classifier.":[119],"Validated":[120],"comprehensive":[123],"dataset":[125],"covering":[126],"eight":[127],"distinct":[128],"categories,":[130],"proposed":[132],"method":[133],"achieves":[134],"99.5%":[135],"accuracy":[136],"an":[138],"F1-score":[139],"0.99,":[141],"offering":[142],"exceptional":[143],"precision":[144],"detecting":[146],"classifying":[148],"faults.":[150],"results":[152],"demonstrate":[153],"framework\u2019s":[155],"ability":[156],"improve":[158],"performance,":[161],"streamline":[162],"monitoring":[164],"processes,":[165],"reduce":[166],"operational":[167],"costs,":[168],"enhance":[170],"network":[171],"resilience":[172],"both":[174],"physical":[175],"attacks":[176],"accidental":[178],"failures.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-18T07:49:30.821534","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
