{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411142721","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3578102","title":"A Multi-Leader Multi-Follower Stackelberg Game for Dynamic Spectrum Sharing in a Blockchain Enabled Cell-Free Massive MIMO Scenario","display_name":"A Multi-Leader Multi-Follower Stackelberg Game for Dynamic Spectrum Sharing in a Blockchain Enabled Cell-Free Massive MIMO Scenario","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411142721","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3578102"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3578102","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3578102","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3578102","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068049967","display_name":"Guillem Femenias","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2002-1733"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50441567","display_name":"Universitat de les Illes Balears","ror":"https://ror.org/03e10x626","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50441567"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guillem Femenias","raw_affiliation_strings":["Security and Electronic Commerce Group, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain","Security and Electronic Commerce (SECOM) Group, University of the Balearic Islands (UIB), Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2002-1733","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Security and Electronic Commerce Group, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50441567"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Security and Electronic Commerce (SECOM) Group, University of the Balearic Islands (UIB), Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50441567"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088271377","display_name":"M. Francisca Hinarejos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4755-2614"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50441567","display_name":"Universitat de les Illes Balears","ror":"https://ror.org/03e10x626","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50441567"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Francisca Hinarejos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Security and Electronic Commerce Group, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain","Security and Electronic Commerce (SECOM) Group, University of the Balearic Islands (UIB), Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4755-2614","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Security and Electronic Commerce Group, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50441567"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Security and Electronic Commerce (SECOM) Group, University of the Balearic Islands (UIB), Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50441567"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041966559","display_name":"Felip Riera-Palou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7080-3173"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50441567","display_name":"Universitat de les Illes Balears","ror":"https://ror.org/03e10x626","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50441567"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Felip Riera-Palou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Security and Electronic Commerce Group, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain","Security and Electronic Commerce (SECOM) Group, University of the Balearic Islands (UIB), Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7080-3173","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Security and Electronic Commerce Group, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50441567"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Security and Electronic Commerce (SECOM) Group, University of the Balearic Islands (UIB), Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50441567"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050944964","display_name":"Josep Llu\u00eds Ferrer Gomila","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1848-6232"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50441567","display_name":"Universitat de les Illes Balears","ror":"https://ror.org/03e10x626","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50441567"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Josep-Llu\u00eds Ferrer-Gomila","raw_affiliation_strings":["Security and Electronic Commerce Group, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain","Security and Electronic Commerce (SECOM) Group, University of the Balearic Islands (UIB), Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1848-6232","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Security and Electronic Commerce Group, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50441567"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Security and Electronic Commerce (SECOM) Group, University of the Balearic Islands (UIB), Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50441567"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5098683518","display_name":"Amador Jaume-Barcel\u00f3","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50441567","display_name":"Universitat de les Illes Balears","ror":"https://ror.org/03e10x626","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50441567"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amador Jaume-Barcel\u00f3","raw_affiliation_strings":["Security and Electronic Commerce Group, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain","Security and Electronic Commerce (SECOM) Group, University of the Balearic Islands (UIB), Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Security and Electronic Commerce Group, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50441567"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Security and Electronic Commerce (SECOM) Group, University of the Balearic Islands (UIB), Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50441567"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50441567"],"apc_list":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"apc_paid":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.09445529,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":null,"first_page":"5359","last_page":"5383"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.929099977016449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.929099977016449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9114999771118164,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stackelberg-competition","display_name":"Stackelberg competition","score":0.9144667387008667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.8912047147750854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.6595664024353027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5603459477424622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3278202414512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2864640951156616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-economics","display_name":"Mathematical economics","score":0.12445876002311707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12040966749191284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.06050565838813782}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199510392","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1184602","display_name":"Stackelberg competition","level":2,"score":0.9144667387008667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.8912047147750854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.6595664024353027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5603459477424622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3278202414512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2864640951156616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.12445876002311707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12040966749191284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.06050565838813782}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3578102","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3578102","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f5625b7c8ae44ede837e490753d0acfe","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f5625b7c8ae44ede837e490753d0acfe","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, Vol 6, Pp 5359-5383 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:17592804","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2025.3578102","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3578102","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3578102","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5018714059","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TED2021-131624B-I00","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5818357399","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PID2021-122394OB-I00","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7980283791","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PID2023-147305OB-C33","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","ror":"https://ror.org/034900433"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":66,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2030137848","https://openalex.org/W2033661520","https://openalex.org/W2049471758","https://openalex.org/W2062957830","https://openalex.org/W2063914254","https://openalex.org/W2077372400","https://openalex.org/W2100209140","https://openalex.org/W2107561590","https://openalex.org/W2129543395","https://openalex.org/W2137106574","https://openalex.org/W2139766131","https://openalex.org/W2143535483","https://openalex.org/W2147601077","https://openalex.org/W2164271287","https://openalex.org/W2167885667","https://openalex.org/W2286275639","https://openalex.org/W2323683854","https://openalex.org/W2505036611","https://openalex.org/W2593893328","https://openalex.org/W2612881001","https://openalex.org/W2770606349","https://openalex.org/W2787596476","https://openalex.org/W2791113231","https://openalex.org/W2892520153","https://openalex.org/W2906180434","https://openalex.org/W2920100461","https://openalex.org/W2963048054","https://openalex.org/W2976008907","https://openalex.org/W2979317621","https://openalex.org/W3003247710","https://openalex.org/W3022632306","https://openalex.org/W3028170371","https://openalex.org/W3038060995","https://openalex.org/W3045440537","https://openalex.org/W3126686235","https://openalex.org/W3137092842","https://openalex.org/W3153670037","https://openalex.org/W3188358066","https://openalex.org/W3198340234","https://openalex.org/W3198682756","https://openalex.org/W4210985493","https://openalex.org/W4220846446","https://openalex.org/W4285246415","https://openalex.org/W4285300497","https://openalex.org/W4285819283","https://openalex.org/W4312294758","https://openalex.org/W4313132015","https://openalex.org/W4322576964","https://openalex.org/W4375929827","https://openalex.org/W4379745992","https://openalex.org/W4381250715","https://openalex.org/W4385486485","https://openalex.org/W4386736487","https://openalex.org/W4389483453","https://openalex.org/W4390721012","https://openalex.org/W4391547801","https://openalex.org/W4392796487","https://openalex.org/W4392825395","https://openalex.org/W4397026359","https://openalex.org/W4399422240","https://openalex.org/W4399885838","https://openalex.org/W4401361065","https://openalex.org/W4401609492","https://openalex.org/W4402407281","https://openalex.org/W4402830288","https://openalex.org/W4405844585"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W3048554917","https://openalex.org/W3211706803","https://openalex.org/W4382775358","https://openalex.org/W4246942721","https://openalex.org/W3209862047"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"stringent":[1],"quality-of-service":[2],"(QoS)":[3],"requirements":[4],"that":[5,44,71,168],"are":[6,45,153,166],"being":[7],"considered":[8],"for":[9,82],"the":[10,20,53,76,95,98,170,177,183],"sixth":[11],"generation":[12],"(6G)":[13],"of":[14,23,97,126,149],"mobile":[15],"networks":[16,136],"will":[17],"necessarily":[18],"imply":[19],"synergistic":[21],"application":[22],"different":[24,172],"mechanisms":[25],"ranging":[26],"from":[27],"physical":[28,68],"layer":[29,69],"processing":[30,188],"to":[31,47,74,93,107],"radio":[32,100],"resource":[33],"management":[34],"aspects.":[35],"In":[36],"particular,":[37],"this":[38,150],"work":[39,116],"blends":[40],"three":[41],"complementary":[42],"techniques":[43],"bound":[46],"play":[48],"a":[49,66,118,157],"central":[50],"role":[51],"in":[52],"transition":[54],"towards":[55],"6G.":[56,83],"Firstly,":[57],"cell-free":[58],"massive":[59],"MIMO":[60],"(CF-mMIMO)":[61],"is":[62,72,105],"often":[63],"heralded":[64],"as":[65],"foundational":[67],"technique":[70],"able":[73],"address":[75],"demanding":[77],"spectral":[78,131],"efficiencies":[79],"(SEs)":[80],"planned":[81],"Secondly,":[84],"dynamic":[85],"spectrum":[86,127],"sharing":[87],"(DSS)":[88],"has":[89],"shown":[90],"its":[91],"potential":[92],"optimize":[94],"exploitation":[96],"always-scarce":[99],"spectrum.":[101],"Finally,":[102],"blockchain":[103,158,187,194],"technology":[104],"used":[106],"make":[108],"these":[109],"bandwidth":[110],"transactions":[111],"fair":[112],"and":[113,124,137,147],"accountable.":[114],"This":[115],"presents":[117],"general":[119],"architecture":[120],"where":[121],"multiple":[122],"sellers":[123],"buyers":[125],"can":[128],"dynamically":[129],"trade":[130,151],"resources,":[132],"leveraging":[133],"CF-mMIMO-based":[134],"wireless":[135],"guided":[138],"by":[139],"Stackelberg":[140],"game":[141],"theory.":[142],"Notably,":[143],"all":[144],"parameters,":[145],"operations,":[146],"outcomes":[148],"protocol":[152],"securely":[154],"recorded":[155],"on":[156,176,191],"using":[159],"smarts":[160],"contracts":[161],"(SCs).":[162],"Exhaustive":[163],"numerical":[164],"results":[165],"provided":[167],"showcase":[169],"effects":[171],"network":[173,178],"parameters":[174],"have":[175],"performance":[179],"while":[180],"also":[181],"revealing":[182],"cost":[184],"associated":[185],"with":[186],"when":[189],"relying":[190],"several":[192],"popular":[193],"platforms.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}