{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411019498","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3576668","title":"Intelligent Reflecting Surface-Assisted Cognitive Radio Networks: Recent Trends, Usages, Challenges, and Future Directions","display_name":"Intelligent Reflecting Surface-Assisted Cognitive Radio Networks: Recent Trends, Usages, Challenges, and Future Directions","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411019498","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3576668"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3576668","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3576668","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3576668","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027468102","display_name":"Usama Mir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7221-6279"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75381157","display_name":"Wilfrid Laurier University","ror":"https://ror.org/00fn7gb05","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75381157"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Usama Mir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics and Computer Science, Wilfrid Laurier University, Brantford, ON, Canada","Wilfrid Laurier University, Brantford, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics and Computer Science, Wilfrid Laurier University, Brantford, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75381157"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wilfrid Laurier University, Brantford, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75381157"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084309025","display_name":"Ubaid Abbasi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169983177","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnic","ror":"https://ror.org/022nw7z78","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169983177"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99418890","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05wn69s11","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99418890"]}],"countries":["CA","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ubaid Abbasi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Science, Northwestern Polytechnic, Grande Prairie, AB, Canada","Northwestern Polytechnic, Grande Prairie, AB, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Science, Northwestern Polytechnic, Grande Prairie, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99418890"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern Polytechnic, Grande Prairie, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169983177"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050970284","display_name":"Talha Mir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0877-8696"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143719379","display_name":"Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01vf56d70","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143719379"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Talha Mir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Faculty of ICT, Balochistan University of Information Technology Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, Pakistan","Balochistan University of IT, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Faculty of ICT, Balochistan University of Information Technology Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143719379"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Balochistan University of IT, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143719379"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117826569","display_name":"Satvika Pullisani","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75381157","display_name":"Wilfrid Laurier University","ror":"https://ror.org/00fn7gb05","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75381157"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Satvika Pullisani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics and Computer Science, Wilfrid Laurier University, Brantford, ON, Canada","Wilfrid Laurier University, Brantford, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics and Computer Science, Wilfrid Laurier University, Brantford, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75381157"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wilfrid Laurier University, Brantford, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75381157"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5027468102"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75381157"],"apc_list":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"apc_paid":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"fwci":1.5225,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83599372,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":null,"first_page":"5030","last_page":"5049"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11383","display_name":"Advanced Antenna and Metasurface Technologies","score":0.9858999848365784,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-radio","display_name":"Cognitive radio","score":0.6132417321205139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.45975518226623535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.41127458214759827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-science","display_name":"Cognitive science","score":0.38936081528663635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.26960253715515137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.26157382130622864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.1391778588294983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.045284420251846313}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149946192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3235733","display_name":"Cognitive radio","level":3,"score":0.6132417321205139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.45975518226623535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.41127458214759827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.38936081528663635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.26960253715515137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.26157382130622864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.1391778588294983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.045284420251846313}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3576668","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3576668","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:082c9e212bbe4651ace787f20b60d1cf","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/082c9e212bbe4651ace787f20b60d1cf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, Vol 6, Pp 5030-5049 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3576668","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3576668","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":104,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W636998947","https://openalex.org/W2143629354","https://openalex.org/W2963580658","https://openalex.org/W2990747873","https://openalex.org/W3008705472","https://openalex.org/W3012127008","https://openalex.org/W3036227850","https://openalex.org/W3039402952","https://openalex.org/W3043220753","https://openalex.org/W3045209834","https://openalex.org/W3045901373","https://openalex.org/W3082159919","https://openalex.org/W3093494804","https://openalex.org/W3094619726","https://openalex.org/W3123701720","https://openalex.org/W3124838391","https://openalex.org/W3131052410","https://openalex.org/W3133392464","https://openalex.org/W3157277360","https://openalex.org/W3167074448","https://openalex.org/W3174671346","https://openalex.org/W3183862984","https://openalex.org/W3188962160","https://openalex.org/W3194887689","https://openalex.org/W3197792384","https://openalex.org/W3199708577","https://openalex.org/W3211257091","https://openalex.org/W4206961851","https://openalex.org/W4210364416","https://openalex.org/W4210898278","https://openalex.org/W4214866647","https://openalex.org/W4225884793","https://openalex.org/W4226204421","https://openalex.org/W4280628234","https://openalex.org/W4285114458","https://openalex.org/W4285196370","https://openalex.org/W4285217999","https://openalex.org/W4285260532","https://openalex.org/W4288064871","https://openalex.org/W4290996434","https://openalex.org/W4292056012","https://openalex.org/W4292261935","https://openalex.org/W4299913779","https://openalex.org/W4308793480","https://openalex.org/W4309263400","https://openalex.org/W4309762188","https://openalex.org/W4312542978","https://openalex.org/W4312583048","https://openalex.org/W4312607258","https://openalex.org/W4312643794","https://openalex.org/W4312684018","https://openalex.org/W4313892842","https://openalex.org/W4315629930","https://openalex.org/W4317382118","https://openalex.org/W4319303315","https://openalex.org/W4319866328","https://openalex.org/W4320029305","https://openalex.org/W4367032271","https://openalex.org/W4375928958","https://openalex.org/W4380080679","https://openalex.org/W4381748093","https://openalex.org/W4383890310","https://openalex.org/W4385800730","https://openalex.org/W4385834022","https://openalex.org/W4387090728","https://openalex.org/W4387870100","https://openalex.org/W4387870879","https://openalex.org/W4387883748","https://openalex.org/W4388211551","https://openalex.org/W4388407869","https://openalex.org/W4389383294","https://openalex.org/W4389459280","https://openalex.org/W4389544497","https://openalex.org/W4390731357","https://openalex.org/W4391454435","https://openalex.org/W4391889492","https://openalex.org/W4392158207","https://openalex.org/W4392449979","https://openalex.org/W4393241069","https://openalex.org/W4394994375","https://openalex.org/W4396594878","https://openalex.org/W4399767721","https://openalex.org/W4400488067","https://openalex.org/W4400525503","https://openalex.org/W4401069709","https://openalex.org/W4401070376","https://openalex.org/W4401358007","https://openalex.org/W4401379718","https://openalex.org/W4401387526","https://openalex.org/W4401509449","https://openalex.org/W4401536818","https://openalex.org/W4401539867","https://openalex.org/W4402215874","https://openalex.org/W4402449957","https://openalex.org/W4402586316","https://openalex.org/W4402673547","https://openalex.org/W4403826439","https://openalex.org/W4406416309","https://openalex.org/W4408182370","https://openalex.org/W4408716207","https://openalex.org/W4409729403","https://openalex.org/W4410491884","https://openalex.org/W6747113211","https://openalex.org/W6770412359"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2559261346","https://openalex.org/W4280609833","https://openalex.org/W2081348319","https://openalex.org/W1974622901","https://openalex.org/W4248151009","https://openalex.org/W3127991229","https://openalex.org/W2074627502"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Intelligent":[0],"Reflective":[1],"Surface":[2],"(IRS)":[3],"revolutionizes":[4],"wireless":[5,22],"network":[6,18],"design":[7],"by":[8,24,114,124],"enabling":[9],"precise":[10],"control":[11],"over":[12],"signal":[13,28,86],"propagation,":[14],"which":[15],"significantly":[16],"enhances":[17],"performance.":[19],"IRS":[20,117,150],"optimizes":[21],"links":[23],"intelligently":[25],"adjusting":[26],"reflected":[27],"properties,":[29],"boosting":[30],"power":[31],"for":[32],"legitimate":[33],"users":[34,71,82],"while":[35],"curbing":[36],"interference":[37],"and":[38,80,141,153],"enhancing":[39],"security":[40],"against":[41],"eavesdropping.":[42],"On":[43],"the":[44,68,77,96,138,146],"other":[45],"hand,":[46],"cognitive":[47,69],"radio":[48,70],"networks":[49],"(CRNs)":[50],"are":[51,72],"known":[52],"to":[53,60,74],"be":[54,119],"efficient":[55],"solutions":[56],"when":[57],"it":[58],"comes":[59],"dynamic":[61],"spectrum":[62],"usage.":[63],"To":[64],"perform":[65],"this":[66,101,133],"task,":[67],"required":[73],"continuously":[75],"sense":[76],"neighboring":[78],"licensed":[79],"unlicensed":[81],"signals,":[83],"thus,":[84],"enhanced":[85],"quality":[87],"becomes":[88],"an":[89],"important":[90],"concern":[91],"in":[92,110,151],"these":[93],"networks.":[94],"Given":[95],"promising":[97],"potential":[98],"of":[99,107,128,149],"IRS,":[100],"paper":[102],"provides":[103],"a":[104,125],"comprehensive":[105],"review":[106],"its":[108,129],"application":[109],"CRNs.":[111],"We":[112],"begin":[113],"discussing":[115],"how":[116],"can":[118],"integrated":[120],"into":[121],"CRNs,":[122],"followed":[123],"brief":[126],"survey":[127],"various":[130],"usages":[131],"within":[132],"context.":[134],"Additionally,":[135],"we":[136],"outline":[137],"main":[139],"challenges":[140],"open":[142],"issues":[143],"associated":[144],"with":[145],"effective":[147],"deployment":[148],"CRNs":[152],"suggest":[154],"future":[155],"research":[156],"directions.":[157]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}