{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409494152","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3561605","title":"A Matching Game for LLM Layer Deployment in Heterogeneous Edge Networks","display_name":"A Matching Game for LLM Layer Deployment in Heterogeneous Edge Networks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409494152","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3561605"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3561605","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3561605","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3561605","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057143279","display_name":"Benedetta Picano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4970-1361"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45084792","display_name":"University of Florence","ror":"https://ror.org/04jr1s763","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45084792"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benedetta Picano","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Florence, Florence, Italy","University of Florence, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4970-1361","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Florence, Florence, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45084792"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Florence, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45084792"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007992576","display_name":"Dinh Thai Hoang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9528-0863"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dinh Thai Hoang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia","University of Technology, Sydney"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9528-0863","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Technology, Sydney","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100697893","display_name":"Diep N. Nguyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2659-8648"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Diep N. Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia","University of Technology, Sydney"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2659-8648","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Technology, Sydney","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"apc_paid":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"fwci":2.6136,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89950607,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":null,"first_page":"3795","last_page":"3805"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9714000225067139,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10847","display_name":"Advanced Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9681000113487244,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.7502292394638062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/layer","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","score":0.6216335296630859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.6085067987442017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.6067030429840088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6033937931060791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.20726075768470764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.12527552247047424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1175031065940857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology","display_name":"Nanotechnology","score":0.1078161895275116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.062376469373703}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.7502292394638062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.6216335296630859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.6085067987442017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.6067030429840088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6033937931060791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.20726075768470764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.12527552247047424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1175031065940857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.1078161895275116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.062376469373703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3561605","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3561605","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6159e278e96d499da7da73923c51e21c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6159e278e96d499da7da73923c51e21c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, Vol 6, Pp 3795-3805 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:flore.unifi.it:2158/1423514","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2158/1423514","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402033","display_name":"Florence Research (University of Florence)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45084792","host_organization_name":"University of Florence","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45084792"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3561605","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3561605","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1815575988","https://openalex.org/W2126137945","https://openalex.org/W4253563778","https://openalex.org/W4389104713","https://openalex.org/W4390659326","https://openalex.org/W4391952557","https://openalex.org/W4391974543","https://openalex.org/W4392353733","https://openalex.org/W4392909588","https://openalex.org/W4399526294","https://openalex.org/W4399665748","https://openalex.org/W4400188118","https://openalex.org/W4400878080","https://openalex.org/W4401628481","https://openalex.org/W4402350363","https://openalex.org/W4402509398","https://openalex.org/W4402570079","https://openalex.org/W4402774450","https://openalex.org/W4402916969","https://openalex.org/W4403051522","https://openalex.org/W4403122878","https://openalex.org/W4403125540","https://openalex.org/W4404238218","https://openalex.org/W4404688214","https://openalex.org/W4404739647","https://openalex.org/W4404782827","https://openalex.org/W4405022259","https://openalex.org/W4405092734","https://openalex.org/W4405811711","https://openalex.org/W4405934565","https://openalex.org/W4406163678","https://openalex.org/W4406939673","https://openalex.org/W6755207826","https://openalex.org/W6778883912","https://openalex.org/W6800751262","https://openalex.org/W6838781100","https://openalex.org/W6850370512","https://openalex.org/W6856823467","https://openalex.org/W6859664255","https://openalex.org/W6859785872","https://openalex.org/W6861515035","https://openalex.org/W6862397249","https://openalex.org/W6870216844","https://openalex.org/W6872496228"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2770234245","https://openalex.org/W96612179","https://openalex.org/W4229499248","https://openalex.org/W2566006169","https://openalex.org/W1567818861","https://openalex.org/W2987774938","https://openalex.org/W4256492088"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,26,79,85,89,93,97,143,148,180,183,192,206,223],"growing":[2],"demand":[3],"for":[4,53,124],"computational":[5,103],"and":[6,43,63,105,146,174],"storage":[7],"capabilities":[8],"of":[9,28,88,96,182,215],"modern":[10],"learning":[11,144],"models,":[12],"performing":[13],"their":[14,132],"computation":[15,62],"exclusively":[16],"in":[17,31,39,142,220],"a":[18,32,49,113,155,163,175],"centralized":[19],"manner":[20,34],"has":[21],"become":[22],"increasingly":[23],"impractical.":[24],"Executing":[25],"inference":[27,140],"foundation":[29],"models":[30,147],"distributed":[33,86],"presents":[35],"significant":[36],"challenges,":[37],"particularly":[38],"optimizing":[40],"both":[41,172],"computing":[42],"communication":[44,64,106],"resources.":[45],"This":[46,108,135],"work":[47],"introduces":[48],"novel":[50],"deployment":[51,87],"scheme":[52],"large":[54],"language":[55],"model":[56,208],"(LLM)":[57],"layers":[58,91],"that":[59],"jointly":[60],"considers":[61],"efficiency":[65],"within":[66],"an":[67,199],"edge":[68,94],"network":[69],"environment":[70],"to":[71,78,82,119,130,178,187,197,201,217,222],"address":[72],"these":[73],"issues.":[74],"Specifically,":[75],"we":[76],"resort":[77],"matching":[80,165],"theory":[81],"effectively":[83],"orchestrate":[84],"LLM":[90,200],"across":[92],"nodes":[95,100,129],"networks,":[98],"where":[99],"have":[101],"varying":[102],"capacities":[104],"speed.":[107],"framework":[109],"is":[110],"based":[111],"on":[112],"two-sided":[114],"game,":[115],"enabling":[116],"each":[117],"layer":[118],"express":[120],"its":[121],"individual":[122],"preferences":[123],"node":[125],"allocation":[126],"while":[127],"allowing":[128],"prioritize":[131],"preferred":[133],"layers.":[134],"mutual":[136],"selection":[137],"process":[138,145],"minimizes":[139],"latency":[141],"bubble":[149],"time":[150],"as":[151],"game":[152,225],"externalities,":[153],"assuming":[154],"sequential":[156],"pipeline":[157],"execution.":[158],"The":[159,210],"algorithmic":[160],"solution":[161],"reaches":[162],"stable":[164],"outcome.":[166],"Performance":[167],"evaluation":[168],"was":[169,195],"conducted":[170],"considering":[171],"simulations":[173],"small-scale":[176,193],"testbed":[177,194],"measure":[179],"effectiveness":[181],"proposed":[184],"algorithm":[185],"compared":[186],"state-of-the-art":[188],"alternatives.":[189],"In":[190],"particular,":[191],"developed":[196],"distribute":[198],"support":[202],"autonomous":[203],"driving,":[204],"leveraging":[205],"vision-language":[207],"paradigm.":[209],"results":[211],"highlight":[212],"performance":[213],"improvements":[214],"up":[216],"around":[218],"10%":[219],"comparison":[221],"Koklata":[224],"alternative.":[226]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
