{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408280521","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3549710","title":"A Survey on Advancements in THz Technology for 6G: Systems, Circuits, Antennas, and Experiments","display_name":"A Survey on Advancements in THz Technology for 6G: Systems, Circuits, Antennas, and Experiments","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408280521","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3549710"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3549710","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3549710","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3549710","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022409526","display_name":"Sidharth Thomas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8991-1841"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sidharth Thomas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093793941","display_name":"Jaskirat Singh Virdi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4770-3945"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaskirat Singh Virdi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023297510","display_name":"Aydin Babakhani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8123-9061"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aydin Babakhani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020213560","display_name":"Ian P. Roberts","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0974-2089"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ian P. Roberts","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022409526"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"],"apc_list":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"apc_paid":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"fwci":260.6262,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":53,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99995127,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":null,"first_page":"1998","last_page":"2016"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9757999777793884,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9757999777793884,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.939300000667572,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9103000164031982,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terahertz-radiation","display_name":"Terahertz radiation","score":0.7000482082366943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-circuit","display_name":"Electronic circuit","score":0.5947151780128479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.37990128993988037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.3693850636482239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3566267490386963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.3352356553077698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.30902594327926636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.30696815252304077}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107816215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q647887","display_name":"Terahertz radiation","level":2,"score":0.7000482082366943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134146338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1815901","display_name":"Electronic circuit","level":2,"score":0.5947151780128479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.37990128993988037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3693850636482239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3566267490386963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.3352356553077698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.30902594327926636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.30696815252304077}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3549710","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3549710","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:06d3cea2a40a4f4986b8bf6f18e2e304","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/06d3cea2a40a4f4986b8bf6f18e2e304","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, Vol 6, Pp 1998-2016 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3549710","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3549710","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.47999998927116394,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":119,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W595252221","https://openalex.org/W1648168223","https://openalex.org/W1972432506","https://openalex.org/W1980460888","https://openalex.org/W1988551371","https://openalex.org/W1990104550","https://openalex.org/W1995146836","https://openalex.org/W1998340256","https://openalex.org/W2029159613","https://openalex.org/W2046431022","https://openalex.org/W2048294994","https://openalex.org/W2075710277","https://openalex.org/W2098947845","https://openalex.org/W2114462422","https://openalex.org/W2116334496","https://openalex.org/W2125834071","https://openalex.org/W2141377020","https://openalex.org/W2151579506","https://openalex.org/W2161151120","https://openalex.org/W2168311839","https://openalex.org/W2292302359","https://openalex.org/W2321762615","https://openalex.org/W2476367834","https://openalex.org/W2519812166","https://openalex.org/W2537197295","https://openalex.org/W2548850970","https://openalex.org/W2549195541","https://openalex.org/W2549258914","https://openalex.org/W2577877263","https://openalex.org/W2583356736","https://openalex.org/W2610194370","https://openalex.org/W2808043165","https://openalex.org/W2897487535","https://openalex.org/W2903016601","https://openalex.org/W2903983414","https://openalex.org/W2911422209","https://openalex.org/W2918826880","https://openalex.org/W2921466771","https://openalex.org/W2922405712","https://openalex.org/W2944219270","https://openalex.org/W2955897898","https://openalex.org/W2959721000","https://openalex.org/W2964901970","https://openalex.org/W2968609010","https://openalex.org/W2971726110","https://openalex.org/W2980769293","https://openalex.org/W2998872355","https://openalex.org/W3002159761","https://openalex.org/W3011717088","https://openalex.org/W3011828357","https://openalex.org/W3011830499","https://openalex.org/W3043281468","https://openalex.org/W3043480479","https://openalex.org/W3043953517","https://openalex.org/W3045275502","https://openalex.org/W3092233344","https://openalex.org/W3110474338","https://openalex.org/W3113108189","https://openalex.org/W3129773144","https://openalex.org/W3134828206","https://openalex.org/W3139413653","https://openalex.org/W3151477143","https://openalex.org/W3156262338","https://openalex.org/W3161044450","https://openalex.org/W3188554269","https://openalex.org/W3189132221","https://openalex.org/W3194275199","https://openalex.org/W3194281015","https://openalex.org/W3207361103","https://openalex.org/W3210651618","https://openalex.org/W3211270128","https://openalex.org/W3212186380","https://openalex.org/W3212677559","https://openalex.org/W4200599926","https://openalex.org/W4205598250","https://openalex.org/W4205881535","https://openalex.org/W4206944479","https://openalex.org/W4210784215","https://openalex.org/W4220794656","https://openalex.org/W4220813314","https://openalex.org/W4220956187","https://openalex.org/W4221080903","https://openalex.org/W4248288458","https://openalex.org/W4248572758","https://openalex.org/W4282009012","https://openalex.org/W4285192749","https://openalex.org/W4285211460","https://openalex.org/W4285218698","https://openalex.org/W4285818076","https://openalex.org/W4295872755","https://openalex.org/W4313366949","https://openalex.org/W4319068858","https://openalex.org/W4321003518","https://openalex.org/W4322577863","https://openalex.org/W4360606332","https://openalex.org/W4366336657","https://openalex.org/W4380839024","https://openalex.org/W4383113567","https://openalex.org/W4385192394","https://openalex.org/W4385453272","https://openalex.org/W4386121578","https://openalex.org/W4387415123","https://openalex.org/W4388819598","https://openalex.org/W4391248864","https://openalex.org/W4391547876","https://openalex.org/W4392518008","https://openalex.org/W4392745998","https://openalex.org/W4392746199","https://openalex.org/W4392746358","https://openalex.org/W4393336876","https://openalex.org/W4394586155","https://openalex.org/W4395064458","https://openalex.org/W4400945494","https://openalex.org/W4405357365","https://openalex.org/W4406094888","https://openalex.org/W6601743642","https://openalex.org/W6730589923","https://openalex.org/W6749439474","https://openalex.org/W6777514010"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2033952283","https://openalex.org/W2762687161","https://openalex.org/W2353254830","https://openalex.org/W2890072373","https://openalex.org/W2351210568","https://openalex.org/W2028421553","https://openalex.org/W4229079866","https://openalex.org/W3000002614","https://openalex.org/W4241196849"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Terahertz":[0],"(THz)":[1],"carrier":[2],"frequencies":[3],"(100":[4],"GHz":[5,84],"to":[6,43,174,188],"10":[7],"THz)":[8],"have":[9],"been":[10],"touted":[11],"as":[12,48,50,54],"a":[13,78,95,133],"source":[14],"for":[15,102,112],"unprecedented":[16],"wireless":[17,195],"connectivity":[18],"and":[19,28,46,61,87,115,135,144,171,179],"high-precision":[20],"sensing,":[21],"courtesy":[22],"of":[23,138,152,181],"their":[24,191],"wide":[25],"bandwidth":[26,101],"availability":[27],"small":[29],"wavelengths.":[30],"However,":[31],"noteworthy":[32],"implementation":[33,168],"challenges":[34],"persist,":[35],"ranging":[36],"from":[37],"limitations":[38],"in":[39,128,165,184,193],"semiconductor":[40,122],"device":[41,142],"technologies":[42,187],"antenna":[44],"design":[45],"packaging,":[47],"well":[49],"system-level":[51],"issues":[52],"such":[53],"high":[55,103],"path":[56],"loss,":[57],"complex":[58],"beam":[59],"management,":[60],"regulatory":[62],"constraints.":[63],"In":[64],"this":[65,129,159],"paper,":[66,160],"we":[67,131,161],"survey":[68],"recent":[69,149],"advancements":[70],"on":[71,81],"6G":[72,153,166],"networks":[73,154],"using":[74,120,155,169],"THz":[75,139,156,185],"frequencies,":[76],"with":[77],"particular":[79],"emphasis":[80],"the":[82,88,163],"200\u2013400":[83],"frequency":[85],"range":[86],"IEEE":[89],"802.15.3d":[90],"standard.":[91],"This":[92],"band":[93],"offers":[94],"compelling":[96],"balance":[97],"by":[98],"providing":[99],"ample":[100],"data-rate":[104],"communications,":[105],"while":[106,146],"also":[107,147],"exhibiting":[108],"lower":[109],"atmospheric":[110],"absorption":[111],"longer-range":[113],"transmission,":[114],"can":[116],"be":[117],"viably":[118],"realized":[119],"current":[121],"technologies.":[123],"Unlike":[124],"other":[125],"existing":[126],"surveys":[127],"domain,":[130],"provide":[132],"comprehensive":[134],"holistic":[136],"overview":[137],"systems,":[140],"circuits,":[141],"technology,":[143],"antennas":[145],"highlighting":[148],"experimental":[150],"demonstrations":[151],"frequencies.":[157],"Throughout":[158],"review":[162],"state-of-the-art":[164],"network":[167],"THz,":[170],"call":[172],"attention":[173],"open":[175],"problems,":[176],"future":[177],"prospects,":[178],"areas":[180],"further":[182],"improvement":[183],"communication":[186],"fully":[189],"realize":[190],"potential":[192],"next-generation":[194],"connectivity.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":40}],"updated_date":"2026-04-18T07:56:08.524223","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}