{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406856735","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3528220","title":"Blockchain-Based Security Architecture for Uncrewed Aerial Systems in B5G/6G Services and Beyond: A Comprehensive Approach","display_name":"Blockchain-Based Security Architecture for Uncrewed Aerial Systems in B5G/6G Services and Beyond: A Comprehensive Approach","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406856735","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3528220"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3528220","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3528220","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3528220","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113000830","display_name":"Senthil Kumar Jagatheesaperumal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9516-0327"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Senthil Kumar Jagatheesaperumal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, Sivakasi, India","Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, Sivakasi, Tamil Nadu, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, Sivakasi, India","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, Sivakasi, Tamil Nadu, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017529726","display_name":"Mohamed Rahouti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9701-5505"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164389053","display_name":"Fordham University","ror":"https://ror.org/03qnxaf80","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164389053"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Rahouti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Fordham University, New York, NY, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Fordham University, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164389053"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007232302","display_name":"Abdellah Chehri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4193-6062"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51768193","display_name":"Royal Military College of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/04yr71909","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51768193"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdellah Chehri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON, Canada","Royal Military College of Canada (RMC), Kingston, Ontario, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51768193"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Royal Military College of Canada (RMC), Kingston, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51768193"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101689516","display_name":"Kaiqi Xiong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2933-8083"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2613432","display_name":"University of South Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/032db5x82","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaiqi Xiong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cyber Florida, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA","Cyber Florida and ICNS Lab, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyber Florida, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyber Florida and ICNS Lab, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093487592","display_name":"Jan Bieniek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4046-2472"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164389053","display_name":"Fordham University","ror":"https://ror.org/03qnxaf80","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164389053"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jan Bieniek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Fordham University, New York, NY, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Fordham University, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164389053"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5113000830"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"apc_paid":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"fwci":44.14,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99752448,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":null,"first_page":"1042","last_page":"1069"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13038","display_name":"Internet of Things and AI","score":0.933899998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9301999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.7468123435974121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.6897078156471252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.46556970477104187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.45038604736328125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.2022535502910614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/archaeology","display_name":"Archaeology","score":0.06622892618179321}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.7468123435974121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.6897078156471252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.46556970477104187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.45038604736328125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2022535502910614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.06622892618179321}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3528220","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3528220","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:05a2d428dfbd477a8199fe53715ffbc1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/05a2d428dfbd477a8199fe53715ffbc1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, Vol 6, Pp 1042-1069 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3528220","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3528220","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3193170698","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RGPIN-2022-3256","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":174,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1969002880","https://openalex.org/W2048503158","https://openalex.org/W2514090833","https://openalex.org/W2528584088","https://openalex.org/W2566763967","https://openalex.org/W2571149404","https://openalex.org/W2601260651","https://openalex.org/W2611366557","https://openalex.org/W2612185149","https://openalex.org/W2736836774","https://openalex.org/W2743549124","https://openalex.org/W2751924021","https://openalex.org/W2786996155","https://openalex.org/W2796646817","https://openalex.org/W2799726513","https://openalex.org/W2802873703","https://openalex.org/W2809622385","https://openalex.org/W2850930826","https://openalex.org/W2885371450","https://openalex.org/W2885551694","https://openalex.org/W2885614314","https://openalex.org/W2889655092","https://openalex.org/W2889656324","https://openalex.org/W2890006332","https://openalex.org/W2897492746","https://openalex.org/W2898104747","https://openalex.org/W2900036108","https://openalex.org/W2900400615","https://openalex.org/W2901321532","https://openalex.org/W2901756368","https://openalex.org/W2901790394","https://openalex.org/W2901897701","https://openalex.org/W2902160827","https://openalex.org/W2902549315","https://openalex.org/W2904947504","https://openalex.org/W2905487115","https://openalex.org/W2909001688","https://openalex.org/W2910780793","https://openalex.org/W2912917423","https://openalex.org/W2914952404","https://openalex.org/W2915576678","https://openalex.org/W2917787837","https://openalex.org/W2922223573","https://openalex.org/W2929609312","https://openalex.org/W2931820896","https://openalex.org/W2932145029","https://openalex.org/W2941351277","https://openalex.org/W2946120941","https://openalex.org/W2947690458","https://openalex.org/W2949144570","https://openalex.org/W2952342730","https://openalex.org/W2955685517","https://openalex.org/W2957382329","https://openalex.org/W2957915633","https://openalex.org/W2959094276","https://openalex.org/W2963117265","https://openalex.org/W2963286247","https://openalex.org/W2963350122","https://openalex.org/W2963385432","https://openalex.org/W2964114200","https://openalex.org/W2964279222","https://openalex.org/W2965367971","https://openalex.org/W2966119905","https://openalex.org/W2966563104","https://openalex.org/W2966637830","https://openalex.org/W2968032176","https://openalex.org/W2968773007","https://openalex.org/W2969706805","https://openalex.org/W2969915019","https://openalex.org/W2973812714","https://openalex.org/W2976008907","https://openalex.org/W2980182496","https://openalex.org/W2980965333","https://openalex.org/W2981262799","https://openalex.org/W2981828647","https://openalex.org/W2981876784","https://openalex.org/W2982185286","https://openalex.org/W2983241616","https://openalex.org/W2987093331","https://openalex.org/W2991165022","https://openalex.org/W2994008524","https://openalex.org/W2994083428","https://openalex.org/W2995551693","https://openalex.org/W2999989552","https://openalex.org/W3000419851","https://openalex.org/W3001321893","https://openalex.org/W3002757309","https://openalex.org/W3003663149","https://openalex.org/W3004374431","https://openalex.org/W3005954431","https://openalex.org/W3007045600","https://openalex.org/W3007965335","https://openalex.org/W3008565796","https://openalex.org/W3010653336","https://openalex.org/W3010763570","https://openalex.org/W3011193768","https://openalex.org/W3011277131","https://openalex.org/W3011448248","https://openalex.org/W3011834181","https://openalex.org/W3013032983","https://openalex.org/W3023350020","https://openalex.org/W3023617420","https://openalex.org/W3030859533","https://openalex.org/W3031802354","https://openalex.org/W3033237219","https://openalex.org/W3033654772","https://openalex.org/W3034664369","https://openalex.org/W3037211412","https://openalex.org/W3037858978","https://openalex.org/W3040422151","https://openalex.org/W3043932162","https://openalex.org/W3048217314","https://openalex.org/W3082337586","https://openalex.org/W3089147436","https://openalex.org/W3090147969","https://openalex.org/W3092108740","https://openalex.org/W3092287850","https://openalex.org/W3096157131","https://openalex.org/W3098451750","https://openalex.org/W3110646753","https://openalex.org/W3113682412","https://openalex.org/W3118272270","https://openalex.org/W3124152587","https://openalex.org/W3128121420","https://openalex.org/W3129562788","https://openalex.org/W3136753322","https://openalex.org/W3138114024","https://openalex.org/W3144404977","https://openalex.org/W3153448713","https://openalex.org/W3167939501","https://openalex.org/W3178468168","https://openalex.org/W3189657012","https://openalex.org/W3197146718","https://openalex.org/W3197519965","https://openalex.org/W3198283894","https://openalex.org/W3202810279","https://openalex.org/W3204694058","https://openalex.org/W3214078758","https://openalex.org/W3214825004","https://openalex.org/W3216767138","https://openalex.org/W4200490383","https://openalex.org/W4205429426","https://openalex.org/W4205905582","https://openalex.org/W4205916854","https://openalex.org/W4206337605","https://openalex.org/W4206504716","https://openalex.org/W4206534248","https://openalex.org/W4210357908","https://openalex.org/W4210594127","https://openalex.org/W4214923099","https://openalex.org/W4226053047","https://openalex.org/W4282596923","https://openalex.org/W4285167621","https://openalex.org/W4285731275","https://openalex.org/W4287739163","https://openalex.org/W4293195318","https://openalex.org/W4298296884","https://openalex.org/W4304944448","https://openalex.org/W4307176625","https://openalex.org/W4312233252","https://openalex.org/W4312397565","https://openalex.org/W4312576847","https://openalex.org/W4321770608","https://openalex.org/W4379382476","https://openalex.org/W4384161756","https://openalex.org/W4385062326","https://openalex.org/W4390569091","https://openalex.org/W4393022470","https://openalex.org/W4396604696","https://openalex.org/W4400150867","https://openalex.org/W4401719105","https://openalex.org/W4403294954","https://openalex.org/W6779137459","https://openalex.org/W6871038032"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W3048554917","https://openalex.org/W3211706803","https://openalex.org/W4382775358","https://openalex.org/W4246942721","https://openalex.org/W3209862047"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Uncrewed":[0],"aerial":[1],"systems":[2],"(UASs)":[3],"were":[4],"popularly":[5],"used":[6],"by":[7],"hobbyists":[8],"in":[9,42,58],"the":[10,54,59,80,88,104,110,142],"past,":[11],"but":[12],"they":[13],"have":[14],"now":[15],"become":[16],"critical":[17,33],"enablers":[18],"for":[19,133,147],"managing":[20],"disasters,":[21],"handling":[22],"emergencies,":[23],"and":[24,52,61,95,108,118,121,136,145],"so":[25],"on.":[26],"For":[27],"example,":[28],"one":[29],"of":[30,79,83],"their":[31],"most":[32],"applications":[34],"is":[35,48],"to":[36,50,70,87,113],"provide":[37],"seamless":[38],"wireless":[39],"communication":[40],"services":[41],"remote":[43],"rural":[44],"areas.":[45],"Thus,":[46],"it":[47],"substantial":[49],"identify":[51],"consider":[53],"different":[55],"security":[56,81,100,135],"challenges":[57,144],"research":[60,149],"development":[62],"associated":[63],"with":[64,85,141],"advanced":[65],"UAS-based":[66,115,138],"B5G/6G":[67,116],"architectures.":[68],"Catering":[69],"this":[71,73,126],"requirement,":[72],"article":[74,127],"conducts":[75],"a":[76],"comprehensive":[77],"review":[78],"aspects":[82],"UASs":[84],"respect":[86],"5G/6G":[89],"system":[90],"architecture,":[91],"its":[92,119],"enabling":[93],"technologies,":[94],"privacy":[96],"issues.":[97],"It":[98],"exhibits":[99],"integration":[101],"at":[102],"all":[103],"protocol":[105],"stack":[106],"layers":[107],"analyzes":[109],"existing":[111],"mechanisms":[112],"secure":[114],"communications":[117],"energy":[120],"power":[122],"optimization":[123],"factors.":[124],"Last,":[125],"also":[128],"summarizes":[129],"modern":[130],"technological":[131],"trends":[132],"establishing":[134],"protecting":[137],"systems,":[139],"along":[140],"open":[143],"strategies":[146],"future":[148],"work.":[150]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T08:04:53.788161","created_date":"2025-01-28T00:00:00"}