{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406089978","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3526421","title":"Hierarchical Blockchain Radio Access Networks: Architecture, Modelling, and Performance Assessment","display_name":"Hierarchical Blockchain Radio Access Networks: Architecture, Modelling, and Performance Assessment","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406089978","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3526421"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3526421","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3526421","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3526421","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092820025","display_name":"Vasileios Kouvakis","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106481","display_name":"Hellenic Agency for Local Development and Local Government","ror":"https://ror.org/0126xra53","country_code":"GR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106481"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vasileios Kouvakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Research and Development, InnoCube P.C., Thessaloniki, Greece","Department of Research and Development, InnoCube P.C., 17is Noemvriou 79, Thessaloniki, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2444-243X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Research and Development, InnoCube P.C., Thessaloniki, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106481"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Research and Development, InnoCube P.C., 17is Noemvriou 79, Thessaloniki, Greece","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047505820","display_name":"Stylianos E. Trevlakis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5106-7780"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I89506807","display_name":"University of Western Macedonia","ror":"https://ror.org/00a5pe906","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I89506807"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stylianos E. Trevlakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, Kozani, Greece","Department of Research and Development, InnoCube P.C., 17is Noemvriou 79, Thessaloniki, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5106-7780","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, Kozani, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89506807"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Research and Development, InnoCube P.C., 17is Noemvriou 79, Thessaloniki, Greece","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083860419","display_name":"Alexandros\u2013Apostolos A. Boulogeorgos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8345-0872"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099312","display_name":"Shandong Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01848hk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099312"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I89506807","display_name":"University of Western Macedonia","ror":"https://ror.org/00a5pe906","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I89506807"]}],"countries":["CN","GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexandros-Apostolos A. Boulogeorgos","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan, China","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, ZEP Area, Kozani, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8345-0872","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099312"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, ZEP Area, Kozani, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89506807"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060100779","display_name":"Hongwu Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2279-5540"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197347611","display_name":"Korea University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dqcg40","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099312","display_name":"Shandong Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01848hk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099312"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I89004649","display_name":"Korea Institute of Industrial Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04qfph657","country_code":"KR","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4387152098","https://openalex.org/I89004649"]}],"countries":["CN","KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongwu Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Industrial Technology, Korea University, Sejong, South Korea","School of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2279-5540","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Industrial Technology, Korea University, Sejong, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611","https://openalex.org/I89004649"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099312"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040810553","display_name":"Waqas Khalid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8520-7219"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145722265","display_name":"University of Thessaly","ror":"https://ror.org/04v4g9h31","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145722265"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197347611","display_name":"Korea University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dqcg40","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I89004649","display_name":"Korea Institute of Industrial Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04qfph657","country_code":"KR","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4387152098","https://openalex.org/I89004649"]}],"countries":["GR","KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Waqas Khalid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics Telecommunications, University of Thessaly, Lamia, Greece","Institute of Industrial Technology, Korea University, Sejong, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8520-7219","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics Telecommunications, University of Thessaly, Lamia, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145722265"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Industrial Technology, Korea University, Sejong, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611","https://openalex.org/I89004649"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020442416","display_name":"Theodoros A. Tsiftsis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4856-3932"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13591777","display_name":"University of Nottingham Ningbo China","ror":"https://ror.org/03y4dt428","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13591777","https://openalex.org/I142263535"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145722265","display_name":"University of Thessaly","ror":"https://ror.org/04v4g9h31","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145722265"]}],"countries":["CN","GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Theodoros A. Tsiftsis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics Telecommunications, University of Thessaly, Lamia, Greece","Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Nottingham, Ningbo, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4856-3932","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics Telecommunications, University of Thessaly, Lamia, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145722265"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Nottingham, Ningbo, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13591777"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077149719","display_name":"Octavia A. Dobre","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8528-0512"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130438778","display_name":"Memorial University of Newfoundland","ror":"https://ror.org/04haebc03","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Octavia A. Dobre","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John&#x2019;s, NL, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8528-0512","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John&#x2019;s, NL, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"apc_paid":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"fwci":5.9258,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95088655,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":null,"first_page":"576","last_page":"592"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9621000289916992,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12702","display_name":"Brain Tumor Detection and Classification","score":0.9358000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.9729026556015015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.6276826858520508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5772512555122375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.4717978835105896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.39528417587280273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2042209804058075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.13655337691307068}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.9729026556015015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.6276826858520508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5772512555122375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.4717978835105896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.39528417587280273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2042209804058075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.13655337691307068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3526421","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3526421","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:03009beb7c9f4941b1ca8d44dee60015","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/03009beb7c9f4941b1ca8d44dee60015","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, Vol 6, Pp 576-592 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3526421","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3526421","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.6700000166893005,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4931926384","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2022R1I1A1A01071807","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6600920740","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"101096456","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334322","funder_display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334322","display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1980005324","https://openalex.org/W2170886150","https://openalex.org/W2295575944","https://openalex.org/W2335755599","https://openalex.org/W2890364458","https://openalex.org/W2897450989","https://openalex.org/W2901509724","https://openalex.org/W2907863608","https://openalex.org/W2914626168","https://openalex.org/W2949726555","https://openalex.org/W2974749506","https://openalex.org/W3003326230","https://openalex.org/W3089828718","https://openalex.org/W3092203679","https://openalex.org/W3113665479","https://openalex.org/W3124328857","https://openalex.org/W3153384923","https://openalex.org/W3171256832","https://openalex.org/W3177472323","https://openalex.org/W3183404700","https://openalex.org/W3209459224","https://openalex.org/W3209576441","https://openalex.org/W4200262065","https://openalex.org/W4246200041","https://openalex.org/W4283215087","https://openalex.org/W4288064796","https://openalex.org/W4288391243","https://openalex.org/W4292182824","https://openalex.org/W4376136913","https://openalex.org/W4386534814","https://openalex.org/W4387717417","https://openalex.org/W4392133544","https://openalex.org/W4394694882","https://openalex.org/W4403458848","https://openalex.org/W6844486492"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W3048554917","https://openalex.org/W3211706803","https://openalex.org/W4382775358","https://openalex.org/W4246942721","https://openalex.org/W2038503502"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Demands":[0],"for":[1,103],"secure,":[2],"ubiquitous,":[3],"and":[4,61,114],"always-available":[5],"connectivity":[6],"have":[7],"been":[8],"identified":[9],"as":[10,90,92],"the":[11,16,26,48,59,64,88,93,121,124],"pillar":[12],"design":[13],"parameters":[14],"of":[15,50,63,98,100,123],"next":[17],"generation":[18],"radio":[19],"access":[20],"networks":[21],"(RANs).":[22],"Motivated":[23],"by":[24],"this,":[25],"current":[27],"contribution":[28],"introduces":[29],"a":[30,75],"network":[31],"architecture":[32],"that":[33],"leverages":[34],"blockchain":[35],"technologies":[36],"to":[37,73],"augment":[38],"security":[39,94],"in":[40,71,96],"RANs,":[41],"while":[42],"enabling":[43],"dynamic":[44],"coverage":[45,112],"expansion":[46,113],"through":[47],"use":[49],"intermediate":[51],"commercial":[52],"or":[53],"private":[54],"wireless":[55],"nodes.":[56],"To":[57],"assess":[58],"efficiency":[60],"limitations":[62],"architecture,":[65],"we":[66,86],"employ":[67],"Markov":[68],"chain":[69],"theory":[70],"order":[72],"extract":[74],"theoretical":[76],"model":[77],"with":[78],"increased":[79],"engineering":[80],"insights.":[81],"Building":[82],"upon":[83],"this":[84],"model,":[85],"quantify":[87],"latency":[89],"well":[91],"capabilities":[95],"terms":[97],"probability":[99],"successful":[101],"attack,":[102],"three":[104],"scenarios,":[105],"namely":[106],"fixed":[107],"topology":[108],"fronthaul":[109],"network,":[110],"advanced":[111,115],"mobile":[116],"node":[117],"connectivity,":[118],"which":[119],"reveal":[120],"scalability":[122],"blockchain-RAN":[125],"architecture.":[126]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
