{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404520970","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2024.3502544","title":"DiGraph-Enabled Digital Twin and Label-Encoding Machine Learning for SCADA Network\u2019s Cyber Attack Analysis in Industry 5.0","display_name":"DiGraph-Enabled Digital Twin and Label-Encoding Machine Learning for SCADA Network\u2019s Cyber Attack Analysis in Industry 5.0","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-11-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404520970","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2024.3502544"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2024.3502544","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2024.3502544","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2024.3502544","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022201145","display_name":"Nabeel Al-Qirim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0090-7521"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91044093","display_name":"Zayed University","ror":"https://ror.org/03snqfa66","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91044093"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nabeel Al-Qirim","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Technological Innovation, Zayed University, Dubai, UAE","College of Technological Innovation, Zayed University, UAE"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Technological Innovation, Zayed University, Dubai, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91044093"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Technological Innovation, Zayed University, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91044093"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011027647","display_name":"Anoud Bani-Hani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0782-1691"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91044093","display_name":"Zayed University","ror":"https://ror.org/03snqfa66","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91044093"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anoud Bani-Hani","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Technological Innovation, Zayed University, Dubai, UAE","College of Technological Innovation, Zayed University, UAE"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Technological Innovation, Zayed University, Dubai, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91044093"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Technological Innovation, Zayed University, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91044093"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064015558","display_name":"Munir Majdalawieh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2559-7371"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91044093","display_name":"Zayed University","ror":"https://ror.org/03snqfa66","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91044093"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Munir Majdalawieh","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Technological Innovation, Zayed University, Dubai, UAE","College of Technological Innovation, Zayed University, UAE"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Technological Innovation, Zayed University, Dubai, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91044093"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Technological Innovation, Zayed University, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91044093"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016925365","display_name":"Hussam Al Hamadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1353-4138"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I132806614","display_name":"University of Dubai","ror":"https://ror.org/05h0z7c09","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I132806614"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hussam Al Hamadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering and IT, University of Dubai, Dubai, UAE","College of Engineering and IT, University of Dubai, UAE"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering and IT, University of Dubai, Dubai, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I132806614"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering and IT, University of Dubai, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I132806614"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084720361","display_name":"Mohammad Kamrul Hasan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5511-0205"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I885383172","display_name":"National University of Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/00bw8d226","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Kamrul Hasan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Cyber Security, Information Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia","Information Science and Technology, Centre for Cyber Security, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Cyber Security, Information Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Science and Technology, Centre for Cyber Security, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022201145"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91044093"],"apc_list":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"apc_paid":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"fwci":2.5201,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90374885,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":null,"first_page":"3404","last_page":"3416"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10763","display_name":"Digital Transformation in Industry","score":0.8819000124931335,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10763","display_name":"Digital Transformation in Industry","score":0.8819000124931335,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scada","display_name":"SCADA","score":0.853075385093689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoding","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","score":0.5755022764205933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digraph","display_name":"Digraph","score":0.5672444701194763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5404359698295593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-attack","display_name":"Cyber-attack","score":0.4717807471752167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3470457196235657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.34662097692489624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3417738676071167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.23852872848510742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11252263188362122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.0913221538066864}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113863187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17498","display_name":"SCADA","level":2,"score":0.853075385093689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.5755022764205933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779145032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191494","display_name":"Digraph","level":2,"score":0.5672444701194763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5404359698295593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201307755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4071928","display_name":"Cyber-attack","level":2,"score":0.4717807471752167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3470457196235657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.34662097692489624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3417738676071167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.23852872848510742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11252263188362122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0913221538066864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2024.3502544","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2024.3502544","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:fd6540f466604eb2a7679c4e949c3b5c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/fd6540f466604eb2a7679c4e949c3b5c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, Vol 6, Pp 3404-3416 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2024.3502544","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2024.3502544","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.44999998807907104}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1550861865","https://openalex.org/W1977555035","https://openalex.org/W1987707329","https://openalex.org/W1991510770","https://openalex.org/W2020524857","https://openalex.org/W2077451083","https://openalex.org/W2132022337","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W3008209629","https://openalex.org/W3024098764","https://openalex.org/W3035474257","https://openalex.org/W3109256480","https://openalex.org/W3161577794","https://openalex.org/W3167165208","https://openalex.org/W3184932975","https://openalex.org/W4226318346","https://openalex.org/W4251800481","https://openalex.org/W4280574532","https://openalex.org/W4281609751","https://openalex.org/W4285328820","https://openalex.org/W4293801546","https://openalex.org/W4308602332","https://openalex.org/W4309020802","https://openalex.org/W4309941903","https://openalex.org/W4312601000","https://openalex.org/W4318827691","https://openalex.org/W4319080122","https://openalex.org/W4321354397","https://openalex.org/W4382240672","https://openalex.org/W4384519092","https://openalex.org/W4386108495","https://openalex.org/W4386173722","https://openalex.org/W4387885864","https://openalex.org/W4387996081","https://openalex.org/W4388624367","https://openalex.org/W4388789559","https://openalex.org/W4391242000","https://openalex.org/W4391425705","https://openalex.org/W4391993604","https://openalex.org/W4392469902","https://openalex.org/W4393106846","https://openalex.org/W4393135369","https://openalex.org/W4394903861","https://openalex.org/W4396584145","https://openalex.org/W4400093331","https://openalex.org/W4401630938","https://openalex.org/W6714012766","https://openalex.org/W6755966288","https://openalex.org/W6857786233","https://openalex.org/W6859638606","https://openalex.org/W6861871265"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2615977515","https://openalex.org/W2115760278","https://openalex.org/W2146396794","https://openalex.org/W2807864071","https://openalex.org/W2809162650","https://openalex.org/W1968647112","https://openalex.org/W2048696057","https://openalex.org/W4386066638","https://openalex.org/W2801513872","https://openalex.org/W2052025659"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"False-Data":[0],"Injection":[1,6],"Attack":[2,11],"(FDIA),":[3],"Remote-Tripping":[4],"Command":[5],"(RTCI),":[7],"and":[8,17,34,85,98,118,152,186],"System":[9],"Reconfiguration":[10],"(SRA)":[12],"on":[13,88,146,155,175],"SCADA":[14,89,125,177],"(Supervisory":[15],"Control":[16],"Data":[18],"Acquisition)":[19],"networks":[20],"impact":[21],"industry":[22],"5.0":[23],"enabled":[24],"smart":[25],"grid":[26,109],"components":[27],"such":[28],"as":[29],"intelligent-electronic-device":[30],"(IED),":[31],"circuit-breaker,":[32],"network-switch,":[33],"power":[35],"transmission":[36],"lines.":[37],"Since":[38],"the":[39,53,56,59,79,121,127,156,166,171,176,180,183,187,191],"SCADA-network-based":[40],"cyber-attacking":[41],"flow":[42,81,172],"is":[43,49,133,139],"not":[44],"in":[45,111,179],"digital-twin":[46,137],"form,":[47],"it":[48,68],"impossible":[50],"to":[51,70],"simulate":[52,170],"effects":[54],"of":[55,62,82,159,173,182,190],"attack.":[57],"Furthermore,":[58],"string":[60],"nature":[61],"these":[63],"affected":[64],"components\u2019":[65],"data":[66],"makes":[67],"challenging":[69],"incorporate":[71],"into":[72],"machine-learning-enabled":[73],"intelligence":[74],"(CTI)":[75],"processes.":[76],"To":[77,114],"visualize":[78],"attacking":[80],"FDIA,":[83],"RTCI,":[84],"SRA":[86],"cyber-attacks":[87,174],"networks,":[90],"this":[91,160,162],"paper":[92,163],"presents":[93],"a":[94],"novel":[95],"\u201cDigital":[96],"Twin":[97],"Machine":[99],"Learning":[100],"empowered":[101],"Cyber":[102],"Attacking":[103],"Flow":[104],"Analysis":[105],"(DT-ML-CAFA)\u201d":[106],"approach":[107],"for":[108],"CTI":[110],"Industry":[112],"5.0.":[113],"process":[115,138],"digital":[116,184,192],"twins":[117],"determine":[119],"how":[120],"cyberattacks":[122],"are":[123,194],"impacting":[124],"components,":[126],"directed-graph":[128],"(DiGraph)":[129],"algorithm-based":[130],"knowledge-graph":[131],"method":[132,168],"utilized.":[134],"The":[135],"overall":[136],"examined":[140],"using":[141],"machine":[142],"learning":[143],"techniques":[144],"based":[145],"Extra-Trees,":[147],"Random-Forest,":[148],"Bootstrap-Aggregating":[149],"(Bagging),":[150],"XGBoost,":[151],"Logistic-Regression.":[153],"Based":[154],"experimental":[157],"results":[158],"study,":[161],"shows":[164],"that":[165],"proposed":[167],"can":[169],"network":[178],"form":[181],"twin,":[185],"confusion":[188],"metrics":[189],"twin":[193],"obtained":[195],"with":[196],"high":[197],"accuracy.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-03-17T09:09:15.849793","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
