{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401567316","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2024.3444719","title":"Noncoherent Frequency-Shift Keying for Ambient Backscatter Over OFDM Signals","display_name":"Noncoherent Frequency-Shift Keying for Ambient Backscatter Over OFDM Signals","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401567316","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2024.3444719"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2024.3444719","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2024.3444719","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2024.3444719","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052149526","display_name":"Mohamed A. ElMossallamy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4354-4203"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44461941","display_name":"University of Houston","ror":"https://ror.org/048sx0r50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed A. ElMossallamy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4354-4203","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047722991","display_name":"Miao Pan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2138-4413"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44461941","display_name":"University of Houston","ror":"https://ror.org/048sx0r50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miao Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2138-4413","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059959008","display_name":"Riku J\u00e4ntti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5398-2381"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","display_name":"Aalto University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Riku J\u00e4ntti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Communications and Networking, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5398-2381","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Communications and Networking, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055400388","display_name":"Karim G. Seddik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2279-592X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80693520","display_name":"American University in Cairo","ror":"https://ror.org/0176yqn58","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80693520"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karim G. Seddik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronics and Communications Engineering Department, American University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2279-592X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronics and Communications Engineering Department, American University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80693520"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039289964","display_name":"Geoffrey Ye Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7894-2415"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Geoffrey Ye Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7894-2415","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063667378","display_name":"Zhu Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6606-5822"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44461941","display_name":"University of Houston","ror":"https://ror.org/048sx0r50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhu Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6606-5822","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"apc_paid":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.06426692,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":null,"first_page":"5219","last_page":"5231"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12791","display_name":"Full-Duplex Wireless Communications","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexing","display_name":"Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing","score":0.7598870396614075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backscatter","display_name":"Backscatter (email)","score":0.7138736248016357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/keying","display_name":"Keying","score":0.52486652135849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.45151782035827637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.39537832140922546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3915165960788727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.37861368060112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.36990660429000854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.23977500200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1782514452934265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.10505092144012451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.10224401950836182}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40409654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q375889","display_name":"Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing","level":3,"score":0.7598870396614075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30354325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204667","display_name":"Backscatter (email)","level":3,"score":0.7138736248016357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776542216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6398306","display_name":"Keying","level":2,"score":0.52486652135849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.45151782035827637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.39537832140922546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3915165960788727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.37861368060112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.36990660429000854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.23977500200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1782514452934265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.10505092144012451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.10224401950836182}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2024.3444719","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2024.3444719","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:aaltodoc.aalto.fi:123456789/130870","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.aalto.fi/en/publications/ce26194e-3888-434e-bfee-9ba743bd0310","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401662","display_name":"Aaltodoc (Aalto University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","host_organization_name":"Aalto University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4831daaadcbb4817a1fa4667a5f40394","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4831daaadcbb4817a1fa4667a5f40394","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, Vol 5, Pp 5219-5231 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2024.3444719","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2024.3444719","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.6100000143051147,"display_name":"Climate action"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306108","display_name":"U.S. Department of Transportation","ror":"https://ror.org/02xfw2e90"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322622","display_name":"Toyota Motor Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/02zqm6r10"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1600286664","https://openalex.org/W1987380770","https://openalex.org/W2035452527","https://openalex.org/W2099461393","https://openalex.org/W2102591969","https://openalex.org/W2109520672","https://openalex.org/W2134011805","https://openalex.org/W2146976683","https://openalex.org/W2290855946","https://openalex.org/W2481477255","https://openalex.org/W2493309683","https://openalex.org/W2495264776","https://openalex.org/W2560844389","https://openalex.org/W2566904036","https://openalex.org/W2572855315","https://openalex.org/W2584930895","https://openalex.org/W2596324967","https://openalex.org/W2621181593","https://openalex.org/W2624922208","https://openalex.org/W2783647977","https://openalex.org/W2798333393","https://openalex.org/W2855857260","https://openalex.org/W2893939120","https://openalex.org/W2894396499","https://openalex.org/W2913135829","https://openalex.org/W2917058181","https://openalex.org/W2943400766","https://openalex.org/W2960100325","https://openalex.org/W2963907541","https://openalex.org/W3043671189","https://openalex.org/W3085584445","https://openalex.org/W3128947043","https://openalex.org/W3173337266","https://openalex.org/W4247702180","https://openalex.org/W4321609152","https://openalex.org/W4378194853","https://openalex.org/W4389544439","https://openalex.org/W6734510151"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2792339401","https://openalex.org/W2530747331","https://openalex.org/W3097525855","https://openalex.org/W2125564215","https://openalex.org/W2517776947","https://openalex.org/W1986382998","https://openalex.org/W2084482193","https://openalex.org/W2972611783","https://openalex.org/W2063393180","https://openalex.org/W2212019768"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,32,138,175],"investigate":[4,184],"frequency":[5,12,47],"shift":[6,37],"keying":[7],"(FSK)":[8],"over":[9],"ambient":[10,39],"orthogonal":[11],"division":[13],"multiplexed":[14],"(OFDM)":[15],"signals.":[16],"By":[17],"cycling":[18],"through":[19],"a":[20,115,153],"sequence":[21],"of":[22,51,57,67,129,146,187],"antenna":[23],"loads":[24],"providing":[25],"different":[26],"phase":[27],"shifts":[28],"at":[29],"the":[30,38,52,55,61,65,68,100,112,126,130,135,143,150,160,185,195,199,207],"tag,":[31],"are":[33,167],"able":[34],"to":[35,48,71,158,179,214],"unidirectionally":[36],"OFDM":[40,69],"spectrum":[41],"either":[42],"up":[43,213],"or":[44],"down":[45],"in":[46,206,209],"disjoint":[49],"subsets":[50],"subcarriers":[53,70],"allowing":[54],"implementation":[56],"FSK.":[58],"We":[59,117],"exploit":[60],"guard":[62],"bands":[63],"and":[64,75,91,107,121,124,164,169,183],"orthogonality":[66],"avoid":[72],"both":[73,119],"direct-link":[74],"adjacent":[76],"channel":[77],"interference.":[78],"Different":[79],"from":[80,87],"energy":[81,201],"detection":[82,98,110,202],"based":[83,203],"techniques":[84],"that":[85,194],"suffer":[86],"asymmetric":[88],"error":[89,105,127,161],"probabilities":[90,106],"rely":[92],"on":[93],"signal-to-noise":[94],"ratio":[95],"(SNR)":[96],"dependent":[97],"thresholds,":[99],"proposed":[101,196],"scheme":[102,197],"has":[103],"symmetric":[104],"allows":[108],"simple":[109],"without":[111],"need":[113],"for":[114,142,149],"threshold.":[116],"present":[118,176],"binary":[120,136],"four-ary":[122,151],"schemes,":[123],"analyze":[125],"performance":[128,171],"optimal":[131],"noncoherent":[132],"detectors.":[133],"For":[134],"scheme,":[137,152],"obtain":[139],"exact":[140],"expressions":[141],"average":[144],"probability":[145],"error,":[147],"while":[148],"union":[154],"bound":[155],"is":[156,172],"used":[157],"characterize":[159],"performance.":[162],"Single":[163],"multi-antenna":[165],"receivers":[166],"considered,":[168],"their":[170],"analyzed.":[173],"Finally,":[174],"simulation":[177],"results":[178,192],"corroborate":[180],"our":[181],"analysis":[182],"effects":[186],"multiple":[188],"system":[189],"parameters.":[190],"The":[191],"show":[193],"outperforms":[198],"baseline":[200],"schemes":[204],"available":[205],"literature":[208],"various":[210],"scenarios":[211],"by":[212],"5":[215],"dB.":[216]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
