{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4396530765","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2024.3395425","title":"DRL-Based IRS-Assisted Secure Hybrid Visible Light and mmWave Communications","display_name":"DRL-Based IRS-Assisted Secure Hybrid Visible Light and mmWave Communications","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4396530765","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2024.3395425"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2024.3395425","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2024.3395425","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2024.3395425","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085586047","display_name":"Danya A. Saifaldeen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8832-379X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144839","display_name":"Hamad bin Khalifa University","ror":"https://ror.org/03eyq4y97","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Danya A. Saifaldeen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Information and Computing Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8832-379X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Information and Computing Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048768303","display_name":"Abdullatif Albaseer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6886-6500"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144839","display_name":"Hamad bin Khalifa University","ror":"https://ror.org/03eyq4y97","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdullatif M. Al-Baseer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Information and Computing Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6886-6500","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Information and Computing Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048637322","display_name":"Bekir Sait \u00c7iftler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0229-0745"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105992","display_name":"Qatar Science and Technology Park","ror":"https://ror.org/01gshyb58","country_code":"QA","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105992"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bekir S. Ciftler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence, College of Computing and Information Technology, University of Doha for Science and Technology, Doha, Qatar"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence, College of Computing and Information Technology, University of Doha for Science and Technology, Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105992"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037234286","display_name":"Mohamed Abdallah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3261-7588"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144839","display_name":"Hamad bin Khalifa University","ror":"https://ror.org/03eyq4y97","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed M. Abdallah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Information and Computing Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3261-7588","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Information and Computing Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009224411","display_name":"Khalid Qaraqe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0766-9212"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58152225","display_name":"Texas A&M University at Qatar","ror":"https://ror.org/03vb4dm14","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I58152225","https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khalid A. Qaraqe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University at Qatar, Doha, Qatar"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0766-9212","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University at Qatar, Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58152225"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"apc_paid":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"fwci":2.4231,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89045009,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":null,"first_page":"3007","last_page":"3020"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10767","display_name":"Advanced Photonic Communication Systems","score":0.9704999923706055,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visible-light-communication","display_name":"Visible light communication","score":0.49436283111572266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.4894963502883911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.48449012637138367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3987235426902771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.22980451583862305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.15267673134803772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/light-emitting-diode","display_name":"Light-emitting diode","score":0.04349759221076965}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160487672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1426313","display_name":"Visible light communication","level":3,"score":0.49436283111572266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.4894963502883911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.48449012637138367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3987235426902771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.22980451583862305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.15267673134803772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176666156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25504","display_name":"Light-emitting diode","level":2,"score":0.04349759221076965}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2024.3395425","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2024.3395425","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6fc1257856b140d69dcd17b959af1a6c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6fc1257856b140d69dcd17b959af1a6c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, Vol 5, Pp 3007-3020 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/28935950","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/DRL-Based_IRS-Assisted_Secure_Hybrid_Visible_Light_and_mmWave_Communications/28935950","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2024.3395425","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ojcoms.2024.3395425","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210202420","display_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","issn_l":"2644-125X","issn":["2644-125X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316002","host_organization_name":"IEEE Communications Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316002","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Communications Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.47999998927116394,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5207364654","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"QRLP10-G-1803023","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332753","funder_display_name":"Qatar National Research Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6002759454","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NPRP13S-0201-200219 from Qatar National Research Fund (a member of Qatar Foundation)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332753","funder_display_name":"Qatar National Research Fund"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332753","display_name":"Qatar National Research Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/01svaqq28"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1533619695","https://openalex.org/W1968560005","https://openalex.org/W1991614769","https://openalex.org/W2028078039","https://openalex.org/W2111064254","https://openalex.org/W2159437533","https://openalex.org/W2294612870","https://openalex.org/W2489088937","https://openalex.org/W2613228701","https://openalex.org/W2623491082","https://openalex.org/W2737359631","https://openalex.org/W2781054684","https://openalex.org/W2909492818","https://openalex.org/W2911568285","https://openalex.org/W2921286835","https://openalex.org/W2937398443","https://openalex.org/W2939054760","https://openalex.org/W2945534522","https://openalex.org/W2949670636","https://openalex.org/W2949672874","https://openalex.org/W2950680381","https://openalex.org/W2962784427","https://openalex.org/W2963688708","https://openalex.org/W2970297297","https://openalex.org/W2990747873","https://openalex.org/W3006762012","https://openalex.org/W3042689071","https://openalex.org/W3081956835","https://openalex.org/W3088324614","https://openalex.org/W3099636798","https://openalex.org/W3103493968","https://openalex.org/W3108863254","https://openalex.org/W3122864568","https://openalex.org/W3188283781","https://openalex.org/W3200892586","https://openalex.org/W3212545822","https://openalex.org/W4206400910","https://openalex.org/W4220892973","https://openalex.org/W4285255610","https://openalex.org/W4315474714","https://openalex.org/W4365800547","https://openalex.org/W6739193204"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2501797479","https://openalex.org/W2997630107","https://openalex.org/W3109516991","https://openalex.org/W2291056487","https://openalex.org/W2395898055","https://openalex.org/W2779101090","https://openalex.org/W2289948051"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,21],"paper":[1],"explores":[2],"a":[3,54,59,67,148],"new":[4],"advancement":[5],"in":[6,200,209],"physical":[7],"layer":[8],"security":[9],"(PLS)":[10],"techniques,":[11],"focusing":[12],"on":[13,24,155],"the":[14,72,84,89,93,97,100,104,107,112,122,126,156,182,195,202,205],"integration":[15],"of":[16,88,129,197],"Intelligent":[17],"Reflecting":[18],"Surfaces":[19],"(IRS).":[20],"work":[22],"centers":[23],"developing":[25],"an":[26],"intelligent":[27],"hybrid":[28],"system":[29,43,90],"combining":[30],"communication":[31,40],"lines":[32],"using":[33],"millimeter":[34],"wave":[35],"(mmWave)":[36],"and":[37,58,111,125,175],"Visible":[38],"light":[39,50],"(VLC).":[41],"The":[42,79,163],"comprises":[44],"four":[45],"VLC":[46,98,189],"access":[47,61],"points":[48],"with":[49,63],"fixtures,":[51,99],"reinforced":[52],"by":[53,66,91],"mirror":[55,108],"array":[56,109],"sheet,":[57],"mmWave":[60,105,210],"point":[62],"antennas,":[64],"supported":[65],"reflecting":[68],"unit":[69],"sheet.":[70],"Within":[71],"system,":[73],"both":[74],"sheets":[75],"function":[76],"as":[77],"IRS.":[78],"aim":[80],"is":[81],"to":[82,168,172,185],"enhance":[83],"secrecy":[85],"capacity":[86],"(SC)":[87],"optimizing":[92],"beamforming":[94,101],"weights":[95,102],"at":[96,103],"AP,":[106],"configurations,":[110],"phase":[113],"shift":[114],"vector":[115],"while":[116],"meeting":[117],"specific":[118],"power":[119],"constraints.":[120],"Given":[121],"numerous":[123],"variables":[124],"dynamic":[127],"nature":[128],"user":[130,173],"mobility,":[131],"traditional":[132],"optimization":[133],"techniques":[134],"may":[135],"be":[136],"inadequate":[137],"for":[138,204],"improving":[139],"SC.":[140],"To":[141],"address":[142],"this":[143],"complexity":[144],"optimally,":[145],"we":[146],"propose":[147],"deep":[149,157],"reinforcement":[150],"learning":[151],"(DRL)":[152],"approach":[153,199],"based":[154],"deterministic":[158],"policy":[159],"gradient":[160],"(DDPG)":[161],"technique.":[162],"DDPG":[164],"algorithm":[165],"can":[166],"adapt":[167],"channel":[169],"variations":[170],"due":[171],"movement":[174],"high-dimensional":[176],"factors.":[177],"Furthermore,":[178],"it":[179],"intelligently":[180],"selects":[181],"optimal":[183],"technique":[184],"improve":[186],"SC,":[187],"whether":[188],"or":[190],"RF.":[191],"Simulation":[192],"results":[193],"confirm":[194],"efficacy":[196],"our":[198],"enhancing":[201],"SC":[203],"authorized":[206],"receiver,":[207],"particularly":[208],"connections.":[211]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}